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Roots, Stems, and Leaves

Roots, Stems, and Leaves. Notes for Biology 2410* at Utah State University *Plants and fungi: ecosystem essentials. Life before reproduction. Reproduction is essential to a species’ success Plants have to grow to the point that they are mature enough, and healthy enough, to reproduce.

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Roots, Stems, and Leaves

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  1. Roots, Stems, and Leaves Notes for Biology 2410* at Utah State University *Plants and fungi: ecosystem essentials

  2. Life before reproduction • Reproduction is essential to a species’ success • Plants have to grow to the point that they are mature enough, and healthy enough, to reproduce. • Roots, stems, and leaves are the workhorse structures of plants.

  3. Roots • Obtain water and dissolved nutrients from soil and mycorrhyzae • Anchor plant • Are point of contact for mycorrhizal fungi

  4. Aerial root Types of roots • Primary root - from embryo • Secondary roots –from primary root • Adventitious roots –from leaf nodes • May be modified for support or defense or … Adventitous roots

  5. http://www.museums.org.za/bio/images/enb7/enb07429x_beetroot.jpghttp://www.museums.org.za/bio/images/enb7/enb07429x_beetroot.jpg http://trc.ucdavis.edu/egsutter/plb171/VisualMaterial/largePhotoSStruc/TubersPic/tuber-potato99lable.jpg Root structures • Tap roots – from primary root • Fibrous roots – from adventitious or secondary roots • Tuberous roots – thickened ROOTS • Tubers are thickened stems Tuberous root Stem, not root

  6. Rhizomes: underground stems, not roots • Rhizomes have nodes and reduced leaves • Rhizomes often root at nodes • Rhizomes enable a plant to spread and reproduce • Rhizomes are most common in mesic and wet habitats

  7. Stems Prickles • Hold up above ground parts of plant; transmit signals • Have leaves and may have branches • Woody or herbaceous • Leaves and branches may be • Opposite • Alternate • Whorled (Verticillate) • May have hairs, prickles, thorns, spines Alternate Spines

  8. Caudex (pl.: caudices) • Woody stem that does not or only scarcely extends above ground

  9. Woody stems also have … • Lenticels • Leaf scars • Bark http://www.virtualherbarium.org/treepuzzle/chars/LENTICELS_ABUNDANCE.html http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB304/TwigPics/AcerSaccharinum.jpg http://home.tiscali.nl/picturesandadicons/dtp/1024x768dtp3/Bark.jpg

  10. Leaves – absolutely vital • Evaporation surface (essential to nutrient transport) • Energy converters • Absorb sunlight • Take in CO2 from air • Release O2 as by-product • Food and shelter for others http://www.huntington.org/BotanicalDiv/TitanPix/leaves.jpg

  11. Leaf structure • Simple • Lobed, Divided, pinnatifid, palmatifid, pedate, cleft, parted http://www.esb.utexas.edu/mbierner/bio406d/images/pics/ast/Ambrosia%20psilostachya%20lf2.jpg http://www.discoverlife.org/nh/tx/Plantae/Dicotyledoneae/Aceraceae/Acer/saccharinum/images/JP80036_61.Simple_leaf_position:Opposite.320.jpg

  12. Compound • Palmately • Pinnately • Odd pin • Even pinnate

  13. Flat, revolute, involute Revolute

  14. Crenate margins Serrate margins Spinose leaf Crisped leaf Dentate margins Undulate leaves Leaf margins • Entire, Crenate, Dentate, Serrate • Crispate or undulate • Spinose

  15. Leaf apices http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/botany306/terminology/vegetative/images/leaves/apices.jpg

  16. Leaf bases and attachment http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~kenr/prairieplant.terminology/leaf_bases1.jpg

  17. Hair types • Simple • Stellate • Dolabriform • Scalelike • Glochidiate • Barbed • Plumose • Glandular

  18. Vestiture (surface) • Where is it? • Lots of words – problem is COMMON understanding

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