Unit Four The Virtual World

1. Unit Four The Virtual World

2. Text A A Virtual Life

3. Oral Work

4. Proverb ---- Lack of work brings a thousand diseases. 一闲生百病。 ---- Don’t burn the candle at both ends. 别过度劳累。 ---- Lookers-on see most of the game. 当局者迷，旁观者清。

5. Everyday English ---- I’m not from around here. 我不是本地人。 A: Do you know where a bank is? B: Sorry, I don’t. I’m not from around here. ---- It takes two to tango. 一个巴掌拍不响。 A: Why does the couple next door often quarrel? B: Well, it takes two to tango. Maybe both of them are at fault. ---- That depends. 那要看情形而定。 A: How many times a week do you go to the gym? B: That depends. I go when I have more time.

6. The Gift of a Book Professor Lin has published a book on the differences between Chinese and American culture. One day, he met Andrew who was teaching English in China. When Andrew found that Professor Lin was the author of the book that he had been trying to buy, he asked Professor Lin whether he had any spare copies that he could buy because all the bookstores he went to had run out of the book. Professor Lin promised that he would send Andrew a copy of his book. A week later, Andrew received a book along with a note that said the book was a gift. Andrew was uncomfortable about this and called Professor Lin to thank him. Case Study

7. It is a common practice in China that when someone publishes a book, he/she would send it to people he/she cares about. It is also often the case that a friend would make an apparent light-hearted suggestion to the author for a free copy of the book --- a suggestion that is usually sincere. People do not seem to worry about the cost inflicted on the author. The author, on the other hand, is supposed to feel grateful about this because others are interested in the book. In the case where someone says that he/she wants to buy a copy of the book from the author, as Andrew had done, most authors would find it embarrassing to take the money. They usually end up giving the book away. Some authors simply interpret this as a polite way of asking for a free copy. Chinese Perspective

8. Andrew was quite sincere in indicating his willingness to pay for the book. Books in North America tend to be expensive, so people normally don’t expect the author to give away free copies to anyone who expresses interest. Further, writing a book takes a lot of work, and people fully understand that the authors are entitled to be paid for their work. Andrew realized that Professor Lin may have interpreted his question as a veiled request for a free copy, which embarrassed Andrew. He felt that Professor Lin probably thought he was being cheap by attempting to get the book for free when, in fact, he should have paid for it. North American Perspective

9. Pre-reading

10. The Internet is the large system of connected computers around the world which allows people to share information and communicate with each other using email. The Internet connects locally connected computers to other computers all over the world. Local client software receives information from remote server software and makes it available. WWW is the World Wide Web. The Web is a system of information distribution using the Internet. It is a global hypertext system of linked documents written based on a set of rules called Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Computers linked to the net exchange documents based on the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Background Knowledge of the Internet

12. Warm-up Questions ---What are the antonyms of “virtual world” and “virtual life” ? ---What are the synonyms for “virtual world”? ---What can people do on the Internet ? (Hints: real world, real life) (Hints: cyberspace, virtual reality, Internet world, net world, etc.) (Hints: communicating with people, shopping, reading, entertainment, education, working, hacking, publishing, etc.)

13. Word Study virtualadj. ① in fact though not in name; almost what is stated 实质上的；事实上的 [例句] Our deputy manager is the virtual head of the business. 我们的副经理是公司的实际负责人。 A virtual state of war exists between the two countries. 这两国间实际上处于战争状态。 ②about something that can be done or seen using a computer 虚拟的；网络的 [例句] New technology has enabled development of online ‘virtual library’. 新技术已经使在线“虚拟图书馆”的发展成为可能。 The website allows you to take a virtual tour of the art gallery. 网络使你能够在虚拟美术馆里进行游览。

14. [搭配] virtual shopping 网上购物 virtual banking 虚拟银行 virtual reality 虚拟现实 [例句] For some, the new Times Square is itself an exercise in virtual reality come to life. 对于一些人来说，新的时代广场本身 就是使人兴奋的虚拟现实的活动。 [派生词] virtually adv. 几乎；近于

15. interpret v. ① to change what someone is saying into another language 翻译（常指口译） [例 句] Will you please interpret for me ? 请你为我翻译一下好吗？ We had to ask our guide to interpret for us. 我得请我们的向导为我们翻译一下。 [同义词] translate 翻译（尤指文字） ② to understand or show the meaning of (something) 把…理解为；解释为；演绎为 [例 句] I interpret his answer as a refusal. 我把他的回答理解为拒绝。 The actor interprets Shakespeare in a new play. 这演员以一种新的演绎方式来演出莎士比亚剧本。 [搭 配] interpret a dream 圆梦 interpret a role 表演一个角色 interpret life 阐明人生的意义 [派生词] interpretation n. [C U] 理解；说明 interpreter n. 口译译员

16. tone n.manner of expression 语气；声调 [例 句] I tried to use a sympathetic tone of voice. 我试图使用一种同情的语气。 I don’t like your tone of voice. 我不喜欢你那种腔调 [搭 配] deep tone 深沉的声音 sweet tone 优美的声音 angry tone 愤怒的语气 in a tone 一致 dial (dialing) tone 拨号声 v. ① to reduce the violence or force of 使温和；使缓和 [搭 配] tone sth. down [例 句] The newspaper toned down its attack. 那家报纸缓和了他们的攻击。 The language of the article will have to be toned down for the mass market. 这篇文章的措辞必须缓和一下以适合大众市场。

17. ② to match 与…和谐；与…相配 [搭 配] tone in (with sth.) [例 句] Your hat and shoes tone in well with your dress. 你的帽子和鞋与你这身衣服很相称。 The beige of his jacket toned in with the cream shirt. 他那夹克的米黄色与乳白色的衬衫非常协调。 ③ to make stronger, more healthy, etc. 增强；提高 [搭 配] tone sb. / sth. up [例 句] Exercise tones up the muscles. 运动使肌肉强化。 Massage will help to tone up loose skin under the chin. 按摩有助于使颏下松弛的皮肤柔韧起来。

18. stretch v. ① to make wider or longer（使）变宽或变长 [例 句] My wool coat stretched when I washed it. 我的毛料上衣在洗涤时变大了。 You are stretching my patience to the limit. 你快要使我忍无可忍了。 ②to spread out 延伸，展开 [例 句] The sea stretched out as far as I could see. 大海一直延伸到我目光所能及之处。 The road stretched out across the desert into the distance. 这条道路穿过沙漠伸向远方。 ③ to straighten to full length 伸直四肢 [例 句] He stretched himself out in front of the fire. 他在炉火前伸直了身子。 He stretched and yawned lazily. 他伸了伸懒腰，打了个哈欠。

19. [搭配] stretch a point 做出让步 stretch one’s neck 伸长脖子 stretch one’s legs 散散步，松松腿脚 stretch out a helping hand 伸出援助之手 stretch the rope tight 把绳子拉紧 stretch every nerve to do sth. 全神贯注地做某事 stretch the law 曲解法律 stretch one’s power 滥用权利 stretch the facts 夸大事实 stretch sb. on the ground 把某人打翻在地 n. ① [C] an act of stretching 伸直；伸展 [例句] The dog woke up, had a good stretch and wandered off. 那条狗醒过来，舒舒服服地伸展了一下身子便走开了。 We got out of the car and had a good stretch. 我们下车好好舒展了一下身体。

20. ② [U]elasticity 弹性；伸缩性 [例句] This material has a lot of stretch in it. 这种材料很有弹性。 You need a material with plenty of stretch in it. 你需要一种弹性很大的布料。 [搭配] make a stretch of the arm 伸出手臂 a stretch of open country 一片旷野 a long stretch of time 很长一段时间 a stretch of road 一段道路 a stretch of authority 超越权限 by a stretch of language 用牵强附会的语言 do a stretch in the army 在军队里服役 do a two-year stretch in prison 坐两年牢 at full stretch 竭尽全力 at a stretch 不停地；连续地

21. submit v. ① to yield oneself ; agree to obey 屈服；甘受；听从 [例句] She refused to submit to threats. 她面对威胁，拒不低头。 I submit to your superior judgment. 我接受你的明智的判断。 ②tooffer for consideration 呈送；提交考虑 [例句] You must submit your application before January 1st. 元旦前你得提交申请。 Complete projects must be submitted by 10 March. 完成的方案必须在3月10日前提交上来。

22. [搭 配] submit oneself to 甘受，服从 submit to 服从于；向…提出… ③ to suggest; to argue 建议；认为 [例 句] The case, I would submit, is not proven. 本人认为此案证据不足。 I submit that this should be allowed. 我想这是可以允许的。 [搭 配] submit willingly 心悦诚服 [派生词] submission n. 屈服；提交 submissive adj. 顺从的；驯服的

23. edit v. ① to prepare for publication or viewing 编辑；剪辑 [例句] Janet edited books for a variety of publishers. 珍尼特为各种各样的出版商编书。 This is the edited version of my speech. 这是我的演讲稿选编本。 ②to be responsible for planning, directing and publishing 主编 [例句] He edits a national newspaper.他主编一份国家级报纸。 She used to edit a woman’s magazine. 她曾主编过妇女杂志。 [搭配] auto edit 自动编辑 copy edit 审稿（内容审查） file edit 文件编辑 [派生词] edition n. 版本；版次 editor n. 主编；校订者

24. email n. ① [U] the system for using computers to send messages over the Internet 通过计算机的国际互联网信息系统 [例句] You can contact us by email or fax. 你可以通过互联网或传真和我们联系。 Email has revolutionized the way we all think and work. 互联网已经使我们所有人的思考和工作方式发生了 革命性的变化。 ② [C] a message or document sent using this system 电子信函；电子邮件 [例句] I got an email from an old friend of mine last week. 上周我收到了一个老朋友给我发来的电子邮件。 I'll send you an email when I know more about it. 当我了解到更多的事情时，我会给你发一份 电子邮件的。

25. v. to send an email to somebody 向某人发电子邮件 [例句] I’ll email you when I settle down in England. 我在英国安顿下来后会给你发 电子邮件的。 Has he emailed you that list of addresses yet? 他已经把地址单用电子邮件发 给你了吗?

26. communicate v. ① to make known 传送；传达 [例句] I don’t think the teacher communicates his ideas clearly. 我认为那位老师没有把自己的意思表达清楚。 Her nervousness was communicating itself to the children. 她紧张不安的情绪传递给了孩子们。 ②toexchange information, news, etc 交流情况、交换消息等 [例句] The police communicate with each other by radio. 警察通过无线电互相联络。 Dolphins use sound to communicate with each other. 海豚用声音相互沟通。

27. ③ to join ; toconnect 相通 [例句] My garden communicates with the one next door by means of a gate. 我的花园有道门与邻家的相通。 The bedroom communicates with both toilet and hall. 卧室与卫生间和门厅相通。 [搭配] communicating rooms 通间（带通门的房间） [派生词] communication n. [U C] 交际；信息 communicative n. 健谈的；语言交际 能力的

28. Internetn. 因特网，国际互联网 [搭配] from / on the Internet 从/在互联网上 [例句] I found out about the bombings from the Internet. 我是通过因特网弄明白关于爆炸的事的。 The Internet is a very convenient way to communicate and share information with people all over the world. 因特网是一种非常方便的与世界各地的 人们进行交流和分享信息的方式。

29. relationshipn. ① [C] state of being connected 关系；关联 [搭配] relationship (between A and B); relationship (of A to / with B) [例句] Scientists have established the relationship between lung cancer and smoking. 科学家已经确定了肺癌与吸烟之间的关联。 This comment bore no relationship to the subject of our conversation. 这个意见和我们所谈论的话题毫不相干。

30. ② [C] the family connection between people 家属关系；亲戚关系 [搭配] relationship (between A and B); [例句] The judge asked the witness what the relationship was between her and the victim, and she replied, “He’s my son.” 法官询问证人她与受害人是什么关系，她回答 道，“他是我儿子。” I’m not sure of the exact relationship between them --- I think they are cousins. 我不太清楚他们之间的确切关系------ 我 觉得他们是表亲。

31. ③ [C] emotional or sexual liaison 感情的或性的关系 [搭配] relationship (between A and B); relationship (with sb.) [例句] My relationship with my boyfriend has lasted six months now. 我同男朋友的关系迄今已保持六个月了。 Their affair did not develop into a lasting relationship. 他们的暖昧交往未能发展成为持久的关系。

32. ④ [C] dealings 交往 [搭配] relationship (between A and B); relationship (of A with B) [例句] The relationship between the police and the local community has improved. 警察和当地民众之间的关系已经得到改善。 The author had a good working relationship with his editor. 该作者与编辑之间的工作关系很融洽。 I have established a good working relationship with my boss. 我与老板已经建立起良好的工作关系。

33. at timessometimes 有时；间或 [例句] I do feel a little nervous at times. 有时我确实感到有点紧张。 You can be really annoying at times, you know. 你知道，你有时确实会让人讨厌。 [扩展] in times of 在……时期 [同义词] occasionally; sometimes; from time to time; now and then; once in a while

34. take in v.① to understand 理解；领会 [搭配] take sth. in [例句] I didn’t take in what you were saying. 我不理解你说些什么。 Halfway through the chapter I realized I hadn’t taken anything in. 这一章我读到一半才意识到我根本没有看懂。 ② to include 包括；包含 [搭配] take sth. in [例句] This is the total cost of the holiday, taking in everything. 这是假日的总开支，一切费用都包括在内了。 The tour takes in six European capitals. 这次旅游包括六个欧洲国家的首都。

35. ③ to go to see or visit when one is in a place for a different purpose 顺便看或参观 [搭配] take sth. in [例句] I generally try to take in a show when I’m in New York on business. 我到纽约公出时常顺便看场演出。 I thought we might get something to eat and then take in a movie. 我想我们可以先弄点吃的，然后看场电影。 ④to make (clothes) narrower 改小（衣服） [搭配] take sth. in [例句] This dress needs to be taken in at the waist. 这件连衣裙的腰身需要改瘦。 I'll have to take this dress in at the waist - it's too big. 我得把这件连衣裙的腰身改瘦---太大了。

36. ⑤ to accept (work to do in one’s home) for payment （为赚钱）承揽（在家中做的工作） [搭配] take sth. in [例句] She supplements her pension by taking in laundry. 她在家里替人洗衣服以贴补养老金之不足。 She supported her family by taking in laundry. 她靠在家里替人洗衣服贴补家用。 ⑥to deceive 欺骗 [搭配] take sb. in [例句] Don’t be taken in by his promises. 不要被他的诺言所骗。 You won’t take me in that easily！ 你别以为我那么容易上当！

37. ⑦ to take care of & provide a home for somebody 接待；吸收；收容； [搭配] take sb. in [例句] She takes in lodgers.她招收寄宿者。 The university is planning to take in 15% more students next year. 这所大学计划明年多招收15%的学 生。 He was homeless, so we took him in. 他无家可归，我们就收留了他。

38. data n. [U] facts; information 资料；材料 [例句] The data is/are still being analyzed. 资料仍在分析中。 Very little data is available. 现有的资料十分不足。 [搭配] data bank n. 数据库 data capture n. 数据收集 data processing n. 数据处理

39. spitv. ① to force from the mouth 吐 [例句] He took one sip of the wine and spat it out. 他抿了一口酒，又吐了出来。 He was spitting blood after being hit in the mouth. 他嘴上挨打之后，吐出血来。 ②to send saliva from the mouth 吐口水；吐吐沫；吐痰 [例句] He’s inclined to spit when he talks quickly. 他说话说快了就爱喷吐沫星。 The boys were spitting out of the train window. 那些男孩子向火车窗外吐口水。 No spitting! 不准随地吐痰！

40. [搭配] spit at / on / upon 蔑视，侮辱 spit curses at sb. 尖刻地咒骂某人 spit in sb’s face 唾弃某人 spit in one’s hands 加紧努力 spit in the eye of 蔑视 spit out 厉声说 be the spitting image of 和…非常相像 in/within spitting distance 很近 n. saliva 唾液 [搭配] be the (the dead) spit of 和…一模一样 [例句] He is the spit of his father. 他活像他爹。 The old man was the (dead) spit of Winston Churchill. 这位老者酷似温斯顿•丘吉尔。

41. symptom n. ① change in the body that indicates an illness 症状 [例 句]The first symptom of a cold is often a sore throat. 感冒的早期症状常常是喉咙痛。 Look out for symptoms of depression.留心看有无抑郁症状。 ②sign of the existence of something bad （坏事的）征兆，征候 [例 句] His attempt to kill himself is a symptom of his unhappiness. 他企图自杀表明他生活很不幸。 This demonstration was a symptom of discontent among the students. 这次示威表明学生中有不满情绪。 [派生词] symptomatic adj. being a symptom 作为症状 / 征兆 [搭 配] symptomatic (of sth.) [例 句] Chest pains may be symptomatic of heart disease. 胸痛可能是心脏病的症状。 Is inflation symptomatic of economic decline? 通货膨胀是经济衰退的征兆吗？

42. nightmare n. ① [C] a very upsetting or frightening dream 噩梦；梦魇 [例句] I have nightmares about falling off a cliff. 我作噩梦梦见从悬崖上摔下来了。 I shouldn't have watched that movie - it'll give me nightmares. 我本不该看那部电影---- 它会让我作噩梦的。 The girl had a nightmare. 那个女孩作了一场噩梦。 ②[C] very frightening / unpleasant experience 非常可怕的/不愉快的经历 [例句] Driving during the blizzard was a nightmare. 在暴风雪中开车真是吓人。 Being trapped underwater is my worst nightmare. 困在水下是我最糟糕的经历

43. conversely adv. in an opposite way 相反（地） [例 句] You can add the fluid to the powder or conversely, the powder to the fluid. 可以将液体加到粉末里，或者相反，将粉末加 到液体里。 $ 1 will buy 100 yen. Conversely, 100 yen will buy $ 1. 一美元可换100日元。反过来，100日元可换一 美元。 [同根词]converse adj. 相反的；逆的 n. opposite 相反 [同义词] in reverse; backwards

44. appropriate adj. suitable; right 适当的；正当的 [搭 配] appropriate (for / to sth.) [例 句] Sports clothes are not appropriate for a formal wedding. 运动服用于正式婚礼中是不适当的。 His formal style of speaking was appropriate to the occasion. 他郑重其事的讲话方式适合于那个场合。 [反义词] inappropriate adj. 不适当的；不合适的

45. v. ① to set aside for some purpose 拨出（款项） [搭配] appropriate sth. for sth. [例句] The government appropriated a large sum of money for building hospitals 政府拨出一大笔经费建造医院。 ②to take for oneself; to steal 占用；盗用；挪用 [例句] The minister was found to have appropriated government money. 部长被发现曾盗用公款。 He was accused of appropriating club funds. 他被控告挪用俱乐部基金。

46. but then but then again; on the other hand; moreover; nevertheless 但另一方面；此外；不过 [例句] He speaks very good French -- but then he did live in Paris for three years. 他法语说得好极了---- 他毕竟在巴黎居住三 年了。 It doesn’t go well, but then what do you expect from a £ 50 car? 这车开起来不怎么好，但话又说回来了，50 英镑的车子你能要求怎么样呢？ [扩展] back then 以前那个时候 just then 就在那时 there and then/then and there 立即

47. jarn. ① [C] 罐子；广口瓶 [例句] I keep my paint–brushes in old jam jars. 我把画笔存放在旧果酱瓶里。 In the wine shops, the wine jars were in place. 在酒店，酒罐子都摆放好了。 ②a glass of beer 一杯啤酒 [例句] We are going down to the pub for a few jars. 我们打算去酒馆喝几杯啤酒。 Do you fancy a jar after work? 你喜欢工作之余喝杯啤酒吗？ v. ① to shake or move somebody or something unpleasantly or violently 使某人受震动而疼痛；使某物震动 [例句] The fall jarred every bone in my body. 这一跤摔得我浑身骨头痛。 He jarred his back when he fell. 他这一跌，背部摔得很重。

48. ② have a harsh or an unpleasant effect 有不舒服或不愉快的感觉 [搭配] jar (on sb. / sth.) [例句] His tuneless whistling jarred on my nerves. 我听到他吹着不和谐的口哨声感到心烦意乱。 The spade jarred on something metal. 铁锹撞在什么金属物件上发出刺耳的声音。 ③ to go badly together 不和谐 [搭配] jar (with sth.) [例句] His harsh criticism jarred with the friendly tone of the meeting. 他的批评十分尖刻，与会议中的友好气氛很不协调。 Her brown shoes jarred with the rest of the outfit. 她那双棕色的鞋与她的衣着不协调。

49. suckv. ① to draw into the mouth by using the lip muscles 吸进；吮吸 [例句] She was noisily sucking up milk from a straw. 她正用吸管吱吱地喝牛奶。 She was sitting on the grass sucking lemonade through a straw. 她正坐在草地上用吸管吱吱地喝柠檬汁。 ②to perform the action of sucking something 吸食或吮吸某物 [搭配] suck (away) (at / on sth.) [例句]The baby was sucking its thumb. 婴儿正在吮大拇指。 The baby sucked away at his bottle contentedly. 那婴儿舒适地嘬着奶瓶。 Suck on the tube to draw up the water. 用管子把水吸上来。

50. [搭配] teach one’s grandmother to suck eggs 教比自己强的人做某事 suck dry 榨取 ③to pull somebody / something down / under with great force of water or air 以水或空气的巨大吸力把某人/某物吞没 [搭配] suck sb./sth. under/into sth.; suck sb./sth. down /in [例句] Current sucked them under the water. 水流把他们卷入水下。 The canoe was sucked down into the whirlpool. 那独木舟卷进旋涡里了。 ④ to involve somebody/something in 将某人/某物卷入之中 [搭配] suck sb/sth in/ into sth [usu. passive] [例句] I don’t want to get sucked into the row about school reform. 我不愿意被牵扯到这场学制改革的争论之中。