Settling North America

1. Settling North America

2. Columbus 1492, Columbus arrives in the Caribbean Spain sets up colony in Hispaniola Disease begins to wipe out Native Americans Spain begins domination of Americas How do you think the Native American reacted?

3. Columbian Exchange The Europeans, led by the Spanish, begin an exchange of goods between the Americas, Europe, and Africa Ships took plants and animals from the Americas back to Europe and to Africa and brought items from the Eastern Hemisphere to the Western Hemisphere.

4. The “Columbian Exchange”

5. Conquistadors Conquistadors began conquering Native peoples in the name of the Spanish crown and riches

6. Motivation for the Conquistadors God Gold Glory

7. St. Augustine 1565, Spanish build a fortress at St. Augustine to protect shipping lanes and to provide an outpost for Spanish Armada

8. St. Augustine

9. The Planting of English America

10. Roanoke Colony • Set up by Sir Walter Raleigh • First attempt at British settlement • Colonists disappeared under mysterious circumstances

11. Sir Walter Raleigh

12. Roanoke Colony

13. 1588 • British defeat the Spanish Armada • Opened the door for Britain to cross the Atlantic • Britain gained the lead in colonization

15. English Colonization • The Charter of the Virginia Company: • Guaranteed to colonists the same rights as Englishmen as if they had stayed in England. • This provision was incorporated into future colonists’ documents. • Colonists felt that, even in the Americas, they had the rights of Englishmen!

16. Joint Stock Company • Investors put in money a venture in hopes of yielding high returns • Virginia Company received a charter to establish a new settlement on the Chesapeake Bay • It would be called Jamestown and settlers were given the same rights as British citizens

17. Chesapeake Bay

18. Jamestown (Problems) • Settlement was in a swampy area with mosquitoes causing disease • Settlers had poor drinking water • Men wasted time looking for gold rather than planting crops and digging wells • There were zero women

19. Jamestown

20. Jamestown

21. Jamestown

22. John Smith • Took over settlement and provided order and discipline • Highlighted by his “no work, no food” policy

23. John Smith

24. Starving Winter • 1609, only 60 out of 400 settlers survived • Colonists ate dogs, cats, rats, and even other humans

25. Cultural Clash • Powhatan Indians dominated the region around Jamestown • Relationships between Powhatan and settlers erupted into war on numerous occasions • Pocahontas was most famous Powhatan

26. Pocahontas

27. John Rolfe • Saves Jamestown by cultivating tobacco • Jamestown began to thrive because of tobacco farming • Married Pocahontas

28. John Rolfe

29. Chief Powhatan • Powhatan Confederacy • Powhatan dominated a few dozen small tribes in the James River area when the English arrived. • The English called allIndians in the areaPowhatans. • Powhatan probably sawthe English as allies in his struggles to control other Indian tribes in the region.

30. Indentured Servitude • Headright System: • Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid. • Indenture Contract: • 5-7 years. • Promised “freedom dues” [land, £] • Forbidden to marry. • 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!

31. Virginia: “Child of Tobacco” • Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy: • Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing. • Ruinous to soil when continuously planted. • Chained VA’s economy to a single crop. • Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system. • Need for cheap, abundant labor.

32. Labeling the 13 Colonies • Color the colonies according to their location: • Southern • Middle • New England • Use one color to shade in each group • Label each colony • Create a key that represents each section of colonies (Southern, Middle, and New England)

33. England’s 13 Colonies

34. VirginiaHouse of Burgesses

35. Growing Political Power • The House of Burgesses established in 1619 & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in England • Control over finances, militia, etc. • By the end of the 17c, H of B was able to initiate legislation. • A Council appointed by royal governor • Mainly leading planters. • Functions like House of Lords. • High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.

36. Virginia Becomes a Royal Colony • James I grew hostile to Virginia • He hated tobacco. • He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a seminary of sedition. • 1624  he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company. • Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control!

37. English Tobacco Label • First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619. • Their status was not clear  perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants. • Slavery not that important until the end of the 17c.

38. The Atlantic Slave Trade

39. The “Middle Passage”

40. Colonial Slavery • As the number of slaves increased, white colonists reacted to put down perceived racial threat. • Slavery transformed from economic to economic and racial institution. • Early 1600s  differences between slave and servant were unclear. • By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered white indentured servants.

41. Colonial Slavery • Beginning in 1662  “Slave Codes” • Made blacks [and their children] property, or chattel for life of white masters. • In some colonies, it was a crime to teach a slave to read or write. • Conversion to Christianity did not qualify the slave for freedom.

42. Frustrated Freemen • Late 1600s  large numbers of young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake area. • Little access to land or women for marriage. • 1670  The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless men!

43. Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 • Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor Berkeley • Rebels resented Berkeley’s close relations with Indians. • Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the area. • Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements. Nathaniel Bacon GovernorWilliam Berkeley

44. Bacon’s Rebellion • Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were friendly or not to whites. • Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown. • They burned the capital. • Rebels went on a rampage of plundering. • Bacon suddenly died of fever. • Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.

45. Results of Bacon’s Rebellion • It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on coastal plantations. • Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel

46. Maryland

47. The Settlement of Maryland • A royal charter wasgranted to GeorgeCalvert, Lord Baltimore,in 1632. • A proprietary colony created in 1634. • A healthier locationthan Jamestown.

48. Colonization of Maryland

49. A Haven for Catholics • Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants. • Toleration Act of 1649 • Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS. • Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].

50. MD Toleration Act, 1649