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E & E

E & E. Some evidence for evolution. A. Direct Observation of Microevolution Adaptation and Speciation Natural Selection (many examples, a few covered previously). B. The Fossil Record - gives us much information stratification of fossils dating of fossils, sediments

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E & E

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  1. E & E Some evidence for evolution

  2. A. Direct Observation of Microevolution • Adaptation and Speciation • Natural Selection (many examples, a few covered previously)

  3. B. The Fossil Record - gives us much information • stratification of fossils • dating of fossils, sediments • radiometric dating • fission track dating • electron spin resonance dating • thermoluminescence dating

  4. Sedimentary Layers – The Grand Canyon

  5. Fossil Crinoid Stems and Brachiopods

  6. A Trilobite (Odontochile formosa) from Lower Devonian of the Kinglake district (Source: Museum Victoria.) (Trilobites lived from the Cambrian – Permian; 545 – 251 mya)

  7. Geologic Time Scale

  8. Fission Track Dating of Uranium

  9. The fossil record yields… • transitional/intermediate forms, vertebrate examples • (see http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/faq-transitional.html for in-depth treatment). • pageant of whale (e.g. transitional Ambulocetus), and horse evolution (Illustrated on the following slides.) • many hominid transitions (e.g. Australopithecus is transitional between Pan and Homo – we’ll study later) • Archaeopteryx, Confuciousornis, Protopteryx are transitional between reptiles and birds (Illustrated in a few slides.) • Eusthenopteron (fish) is linked to the early amphibian Icthyostega; Acanthostega • Genera such as Probainognathus, Probelesodon and Massetognathus (cynodonts) are transitional between reptiles and mammals

  10. Biogeographical Evidence coupled to fossil record hummingbirds marsupials

  11. Quick note on the phenotype Vp = Vg + Ve + Vgxe g e p A ∙ M  X B ∙ M  Y A ∙ M  X A ∙ N  Y

  12. Gradual versus punctuated evolution • Gradual change over time • Branching, punctuated change

  13. Mesonychid – shared ancestry with whales

  14. Ambulocetus

  15. Rodhocetus, a predominantly aquatic whale from the Eocene (47 mya)

  16. Vestigial pelvis and femur in modern whales

  17. Many dinosaur bones have been found . . . (Ultrasaurus)

  18. Archaeopteryx

  19. Comparative anatomy • Homology having common ancestry but not necessarily retaining similarity of structure or function • The Adult • Examples: • Mammalian forelimbs (“hands”) • grasping hands of primates • digging hands of moles • locomotive hands of horses • paddles of porpoises • wings of bats • Vertebrate hindlimb structure

  20. Hind Limb Structure in Vertebrates Homo sapiens

  21. The Embryo

  22. Bio-molecular Evidence • Protein evidence • Nucleic acid evidence • Others… RELATIVE LEVEL OF SHARED CHARACTERISTICS AMONG SPECIES

  23. DNA Phylogeny

  24. EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION • Fossil Record • Comparative Anatomy (phenotype) physiology, anatomy, behavior, etc… • Biogeographical • Biochemical

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