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American Literature:

Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007. Lecture Outline. A Brief Review Romanticism in America (Continued)Reading Assignments. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007. Literary Eras. 1. Puritanism and colonial literature2. Reason and Revolution3. Romanticism4. Realism5. M

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American Literature:

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    1. American Literature: Literary Eras and Authors Week Five

    2. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Lecture Outline A Brief Review Romanticism in America (Continued) Reading Assignments

    3. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Literary Eras 1. Puritanism and colonial literature 2. Reason and Revolution 3. Romanticism 4. Realism 5. Modernism

    4. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 1. Puritanism and Colonial Literature Historical background Amerian national history started from two settlements, Virginia and Massachusetts in 17th century. Settlers: Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians, Portuguese, Negroes, Indians First permanent settlement: Jamestown, Virginia by captian John Smith The first American writer: John Smith Two Important New England Settlements Puritan Crisis

    5. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Two Important New England Settlements The Plymouth Colony Flagship Mayflower arrives in 1620; Leader - William Bradford; Settlers known as Pilgrims and Separatists; The Mayflower Compact provides for social, religious, and economic freedom, while still maintaining ties to Great Britain. The Massachusetts Bay Colony Flagship Arbella arrives in 1630; Leader - John Winthrop; Settlers are mostly Puritans; The Arbella Covenant clearly establishes a religious and theocratic settlement, free of ties to Great Britain.

    6. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Puritan Crisis 1. Roger Williams was expelled for "new and dangerous opinions" ((1638) 2. Puritans persecuted and killed Quakers for preaching "inner light" doctrines. 3. Salem Witchcraft Crisis (1692) A. Group of girls accused fellow villagers of witchcraft B. Trials resulted in convictions of many and executions of 20 people and 2 dogs. C. Reaction resulted in anti-Puritan sentiment, weakening of Puritan authority, and apologies from some religious leaders

    7. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Puritan Beliefs Exodus 22:18 Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live.  (KJV) Leviticus  20:27 A man also or woman that hath a familiar spirit, or that is a wizard, shall surely be put to death: they shall stone them with stones: their blood shall be upon them. (KJV)

    8. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Salem Witchcraft Crisis From June through September of 1692, nineteen men and women, all having been convicted of witchcraft, were carted to Gallows Hill, a barren slope near Salem Village, for hanging. Another man of over eighty years was pressed to death under heavy stones for refusing to submit to a trial on witchcraft charges. Hundreds of others faced accusations of witchcraft; dozens languished in jail for months without trials until the hysteria that swept through Puritan Massachusetts subsided.

    9. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Salem Witchcraft Crisis

    10. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Colonial Writers Captain John Smith John Cotton and Cotton Mather William Bradford and John Winthrop Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor

    11. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Puritanism Puritan Beliefs and Values  A. Total Depravity - through Adam and Eve's fall, every person is born sinful - concept of Original Sin. B. Predestination--all events are foreknown and foreordained by God C. Election--God chooses who is saved and who is damned. D. Intolerance--error must be opposed and driven out E. Self-government and community responsibility F. Hard work and thrift G. High standards of moral excellence and conscience

    12. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 2. Reason and Revolution Historical Background: The War of Independence Literary Trend: Reason & Revolution Style: Essay, Political Pamphleteering, State Papers

    13. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Authors and Their Works Benjamin Franklin: Autobiography Poor Richard’s Almanac Thomas Paine: American Crisis Common Sense The Age of Reason Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence

    14. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Life Achievements Major Works: Autobiography Poor Richard’s Almanac

    15. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 From Poor Richard’s Almanac Light purse, heavy heart. Eat to live, and not live to eat. Tongue double, brings trouble. Snowy winter, a plentiful harvest. Would you live with ease, do what you ought, and not what you please. Don't think to hunt two hares with one dog.

    16. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Thomas Paine (1737-1809) Life and achievement Major works: Common Sense American Crisis

    17. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Life and Achievement of Thomas Paine Having a gift for pamphleteering. Served on various committees of the Continental Congress. Indicted treason for his “Rights of Man” by British Government. Took part in the French Revolution

    18. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) Life and achievement Major works: The Declaration of Independence

    19. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Life and Achievement of Thomas Jefferson Born in Virginia in 1743. Went to William and Mary College for 2-year study, prepared the practice of law. Elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1769. Represented Virginia in the Second Continental Congress in 1775. Drafted the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Worked as the first American Secretary of State in Washington’s Cabinet. Won the election of 1800 and served for two terms president. Founded the national library( Library of Congress) Founded the University of Virginia, designed the main building and became the first president of this university.

    20. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Jefferson’s Memorial

    21. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 University of Virginia

    22. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Jefferson’s House

    23. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Philip Freneau (1752-1832) - Father of American Poetry

    24. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 The Wild Honey Suckle Questions: What impression of the flower is given in the first and second stanzas, particularly through the personification of nature? Why does the poet feel grief about the flower’s doom? To what does he compare its charms? What conclusion does the poet draw in the last stanza? Do you think the poet is comparing the life of a flower with that of a man? What is implied in the phrase “but an hour”?

    25. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 ???·???:???? ??????, ??????????? ????,????, ????,????? ??????????, ??????????? ????????, ??????????? ??????????, ??????????? ?????????, ???????,????? ????,????????, ????,???????? ???????,????, ???????,????? ????,????, ??????????? ????, ?????????? ?????,?????, ??????,??????, ??????, ????????

    26. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 The Wild Honey Suckle Keen awareness of the loveliness and transience of nature; It implies that life and death are inevitable of law of nature.

    27. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 3. Romanticism in America Historical Background Literary Characteristics Major Authors and Their Works

    28. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Romanticism: Historical Background Frontier Movement 1. The frontier line has been pushed from settlements beyond Mississippi to the Great Plains; 2. Population center has been shifted westward; 3. The frontier hero Andrew Jackson was elected the 17th president. Industrialization 1. Steam engine and automation; 2. cotton gin, stewing machine, telegraph, assembly-line mass production. Urbanization 1. New York - economic and cultural capital; 2. Strong contrast between the rich and the poor. Feminist movement The first university for women - Mount Holyoke

    29. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Romanticism: Literary characteristics Emphasize on individualism and intuition; Natural world was a source of goodness and man’s society a source of corruption; Imaginative writing thrives over political and religious writing; Nationalism; Description of native landscape with the native people in local dialect; Transcendentalism: Emerson and Thoreau.

    30. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Romanticism: Major Authors Washington Irving James Fenimore Cooper William Cullen Bryant Edgar Allan Poe Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

    31. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Washington Irving (1783-1859) Life Major works "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" "Rip Van Winkle" Comments: humorist, short story writer, essayist, poet, travel book writer, biographer, and columnist. His best-known stories awakened an interest in the life of American region from the Hudson prairies to the west.

    32. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Washington Irving’s Life Born in New York City on April 3, 1783 as the youngest of 11 children. His father was a wealthy merchant. Developed a passion for books. Studied law privately but practiced only briefly. From 1804 to 1806 he traveled widely in Europe. His career as a writer started in journals and newspapers. His success in social life and literature was shadowed by a personal tragedy: death of his fiancée.

    33. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Washington Irving’s Life After the death of his mother, Irving stayed in Europe from 1815 to 1832. In 1832 Irving returned to New York to an enthusiastic welcome as the first American author to have achieved international fame. Between the years 1842-45, Irving was the U.S. Ambassador to Spain. Irving spent the last years of his life in Tarrytown, died on November 28, 1859.

    34. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Washington Irving: Major Works The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Rip Van Winkle Infantilism, nostalgia for the past, the loss or surrender of manhood. The hero serves as a stereotype of American male as seen from abroad: a jolly overgrown child, or the man-boy American who never grows up, or the New World innocent who yearns for freedom from work and responsibility.

    35. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Questions: What’s the location of the story? Who is the hero of the story? How did the author describe him and in what kind of tone? Who is the headless man? Why did he make such a trick on the poor head master? Just imagine you were the author and try to end the story in your own way.

    36. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) Life Major works: Leatherstocking Tales The Deerslayer The Last of the Mohicans The Pathfinder The Pioneers The Prairie

    37. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 About Cooper Born to a wealthy landowner Expelled from Yale Sailor in the Navy Heavily in debt Fiction writer (32 novels) Lived in Europe to escape debt

    38. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Cooper’s Writing First American novelist “whose writing was genuinely American” Characters are white and native, male and female Depicts the American wilderness and prairie scenes Depicts historical and fictional events Discusses American ideals and themes

    39. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Cooper’s Writing Created a mythical West that transcended the reality of life on the frontier; Created an archetypal Western hero (Natty Bumppo); Began the tradition of the American historical novel.

    40. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 The Leather-Stocking Tales Conflicts between the forces of stability, order, and tradition and the forces of dynamic change, disruption, and violence; The ideals of aristocracy and privilege against the democratic ideals of equality and natural rights; The destructive impulses and consuming materialism of the mob against idealism and self restraint of the enlightened individual.

    41. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 The Leather-Stocking Tales They are Cooper’s finest achievement, which constitutes a vast prose epic with the North American continent as setting, Indian Tribes as characters, and great wars and westward migration as social background. The novels bring to life frontier America from 1740 to 1804.

    42. Lecture V, American Literature (1) Autumn 2007 Reading Assignment 1. Biographical introduction to Thomas Paine (P.27-30) 2. Biographical introduction to Thomas Jefferson (P.34-36) 3. The Declaration of Independence (P.36-42) 4. Biographical introduction to Philip Freneau (P.42-45) 5. Poems: “The wild Honey Suckle” (P.45-46) “The Indian Burying Ground” (P.46-48)

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