SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION LECTURE 29 ONTOLOGY – PARADIGMS OF SCIENCE ILLUSTRATIONS –

1. SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION LECTURE 29 ONTOLOGY – PARADIGMS OF SCIENCE ILLUSTRATIONS – CENTER FOR NEUROMORPHIC ENGINEERING INTEGRATED MULTI-MEDIA SYSTEMS CENTER AND VON NEUMAN COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE FREDERICK BETZ PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

2. SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION: RESEARCH PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION & RESEARCH PROJECT MANAGEMENT • RESEARCH PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION • SELECT RESEARCH PROJECTS • OVERSEE RESEARCH PROJECTS • RUN PEER REVIEW PANELS • UNDERSTAND SCIENCE TO INTERPRET PEER REVIEWS • RESEARCH BUDGETS • RESEARCH PORTFOLIO STRATEGY • RESEARCH PROGRAM REVIEWS • REVISE RESEARCH PROGRAM STRATEGY • FACILITATE INDUSTRY TO UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

3. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION PROCESS OF STATE OF KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE TECHNICAL SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC OPERATIONS METHOD PARADIGMS (EPISTEMOLOGY) (ONTOLOGY) MANAGEMENT SCIENCE SCIENCE OPERATIONS ADMINISTRATION APPLICATION (ORGANIZATION) (TECHNOLOGY) SCIENCE ADMINISTRATORS MUST UNDERSTAND SCIENCE WITHOUT BECOMING EXPERTS IN A SCIENTIFIC FIELD. THE WAY TO DO THIS IS THROUGH UNDERSTANDING SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS – INTELLECTUAL FRAMEWORKS OF SCIENCE.

4. PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE ADMINISTRATION: Techniques RESEARCH STRATEGY PEER REVIEW OF RESEARCH SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS • SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC • METHOD REPRESENTATION (EPISTEMOLOGY) (ONTOLOGY) • SCIENCE SCIENCE • ADMINISTRATION APPLICATION • (ORGANIZATION) (TECHNOLOGY) RESEARCH OVERSIGHT TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

5. The idea of ‘peer review’ of research quality and scientific progress is that the peers of a scientist in the same discipline of the research can best judge the quality of the research. This is the cultural standard that science has used in its history of scientific progress. Physicists judge progress in physics research. Chemists judge progress in chemical research. Biologists judge progress in biological research, and so on. The basic reason why this cultural standard works is the peer reviews share a depth in understanding the ‘ontology’ (content) of the scientific research. Scientific peers share this depth of understanding because all scientists within a discipline share a meta-theoretical view of the scientific contents. To understand how to effectively use peer review as a technique in judging the quality of a research proposal and the quality of scientific progress, we must understand this idea of ‘scientific paradigms’-- as the meta-theoretical framework for theory construction in science.

6. Scientific Paradigms The idea of a scientific 'paradigm' is an important idea in describing the content of science. A paradigm does not describe the detail of research at the cutting edge of disciplinary specialties. Instead it does describe the intellectual frameworks within which the scientists see nature and describe and explain nature. A paradigm is a kind of 'meta-theory' to the theories of a scientific discipline. This term paradigm” was introduced by Thomas Kuhn to emphasize that any scientific discipline has an intellectual framework in which scientific theories are constructed, a “paradigm” of the discipline (Kuhn, 1996).

7. Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996) was born in Ohio, USA. In 1943, he received a bachelor's degree from Harvard University and then a PhD in 1949 in physics. From 1948 to 1956, he taught a history of science course at Harvard. IN 1957, he went to the University of California at Berkeley to join there both the philosophy department and history department. In 1964, Kuhn moved to Princeton University and then to MIT in 1991. In 1962, Kuhn had published his seminal book in the sociology of science, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. This book had a major impact upon sociologists, arguing that scientific consensus in a community was not always easily nor smoothly attained -- but depended upon how big an intellectual leap was being conceptually proposed as 'progress in science'. Kuhn argued that science does not always progress by a steady accumulation of knowledge but sometimes makes large conceptual leaps in the forms of a paradigm shift.

8. As examples, Kuhn used two paradigm shifts in physics in the beginning of the twentieth century: (1) from Newtonian physics to special relativity and (2) from classical mechanics to quantum mechanics. Both shifts, he argued were accepted within the physics community of the time as kinds of 'generational changes', with younger scientists more easily making the intellectual change than many older scientists of the time. But Kuhn did not elaborate upon the different kinds of paradigms that are used in science. Later building upon Kuhn's idea of a paradigm as a kind of intellectual framework for theory construction, I proposed that there are several general paradigms that are used in science: mechanism, function, logic and language. (Betz, 2003)

9. ILLUSTRATION: Engineering Research Center in Neuromorphic Engineering As an illustration of how ideas of scientific content influence research strategy is the Center for Neuromorphic Systems Engineering (CNSE) at California Institute for Technology (Cal Tech) in Pasadena, California, USA. The research program covers the interaction between biological understanding of nature and application of such knowledge to inventing new electronic technologies. The research strategy of the ERC is to create new electronics for perception based upon biological models: " Vision. Olfaction. Hearing. Touch. Learning. Decision making. Pattern recognition -- these are all things that even simple biological organisms perform far better and more efficiently than the fastest digital computers. The scientists and engineers at CNSE are working to translate our understanding of biologic systems into a new class of electronic devices that imitate the ways animals sense and make sense of the world." (http:/www/cnse.caltech.edu, 2007)

10. SCHEMATIC OF THE MIND FROM PERCEPTION TO LANGUAGE MIND PHYSIOLOGY OF PERCEPTION HIGHER-LEVEL COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING TERRA INCOGNITA PERCEPTION REASONING SENSING FUNCTION LINGUISTIC FUNCTION That research vision began in the early 1990s, when the Center was proposed by Carver Mead for funding by the U.S. National Science Foundation. Mead's idea was to make electronic sensing and control systems that mimicked how nature performed certain functions.

11. Carver Mead was born in 1934 in California, USA. In 1956, Mead obtained a bachelors degree from Caltech and a PhD degree in 1960 in electrical engineering. He began as an Instructor in Electrical Engineering in Caltech in 1958 and became an assistant professor in 1959 advancing to full professor in 1967. In 1980, Carver Mead with Lynn Conway wrote a pioneering text, Introduction to VLSI Systems, which has been used to train generations of electrical engineers in designing semiconductor integrated circuits. Also Mead invented a new transistor,GaAS MESFET, which is used in wireless electronics. He then turned to studying how animal brains compute and created the idea of an electronics approach to draw lessons from biological neural system processes, which he called Neuromorphic Engineering. In 1999, he founded a new company, Foveon Inc, which produced a digital camera with image sensors in silicon to capture three pixel colors (instead of only one in previous technologies).

12. In 2007, the research areas in the Center are: Biology, Learning and Algorithms, MEMS, Optics, Robotics, Sensors. For example, one project in the Biology group in 2007 by Rajan Bhattacharyya, Richard Andersen is research in the Parietal Reach Region of the brain: "Technological developments in the past decade have accelerated the pace of research in brain computer interfaces. Multiple research groups across the country are pursuing this area of research as a possible solution to spinal cord injury. (We) …specialize in studying brain areas in the parietal cortex, which is associated with vision and motor planning, and in particular the Parietal Reach Region (PRR) which encodes the plan for the next intended reach movement, which is markedly different than the approach taken by other research groups which are using the motor cortex as the source of control signal." (http:/www/cnse.caltech.edu, 2007) What we see in this example of a new engineering field of Neuromorphic engineering that there was a shift in perspective about the observation and manipulation of nature -- a paradigm shift -- integrating biology and electronics.

13. SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS OF MECHANISM & SYSTEMS SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS OF FUNCTION AND LANGUAGE SCHEMATIC OF THE MIND FROM PERCEPTION TO LANGUAGE MIND PHYSIOLOGY OF PERCEPTION HIGHER-LEVEL COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING TERRA INCOGNITA PERCEPTION REASONING SENSING FUNCTION LINGUISTIC FUNCTION CAL TECH ERC FOR NEUROMORPHIC SYSTEMS

14. Following upon the idea of several paradigms, we can now identify a taxonomy of four key paradigms used in the different disciplines of science: ‘mechanism’, ‘function’, ‘logic’, and ‘systems’. Such a taxonomy can be constructed from two philosophical dichotomies about nature: (1) matter & mind and (2) environment & organism. Think logically about the dichotomy of matter & mind. Everything in the world is philosophically composed of matter or not. What is not-matter, non-material, is an idea! So all things in nature must exist either as material phenomena or as ideational phenomena. Ideational phenomena are properties of a mind. Minds think ideas. Minds are a part of nature, as is matter. People have both brains (material) and minds (ideas). This everything in nature can be thought of in intellectual frameworks that are either material or idea, matter or mind.

15. Now a second important set of ideas about the frameworks of science is the dichotomy of ‘world’ and ‘self’. This is a humanistic individual-centric view of everything. From the perspective of an individual person, all totality of the world can be seen as in reference to the self or in reference to every thing else in the world. The reason this is an important philosophical dichotomy – human 'consciousness‘ – a human awareness of the world is purely an individual thing. All consciousness in the world belongs to individuals. There is no such thing as a general 'consciousness' in the world in science. In science, only individual minds are conscious, whether the mind is that of a person or an animal. Remember we are talking here about ‘science’ and not about ‘religion’. Self & World is a ‘scientific’ dichotomy on mind and not a religious dichotomy, In science, human minds are individual things. And the dichotomy of ‘self & world’ covers everything in the scientific universe about the human perception of the universe.

16. FOUR PARADIGMS IN SCIENCE WORLD SELF MECHANISM FUNCTION SYSTEMS LOGIC MATTER MIND ‘Mechanism’ is an scientific framework (paradigm) for describing objects in the world as material. ‘Systems’ is a scientific framework (paradigm) for describing objects in the world as an mental. ‘Function’ is a scientific framework (paradigm) for describing objects in the self as material. ‘Logic’ is a scientific framework (paradigm) for describing objects in the self as an mental.

17. ILLUSTRATION -- UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA INTEGRATED MULTI-MEDIA SYSTEMS CENTER Under the leadership of founding director C. L. Max Nikias - now USC's Provost and Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs - the Integrated Media Systems Center (IMSC) was established in 1996 through a competitive process resulting in an 11-year, US $32 million grant from the National Science Foundation. The only NSF center of excellence in multimedia and the Internet, IMSC carries out a pioneering, cross-disciplinary program of research, education, outreach, industry collaboration and technology transfer. Over the past decade, IMSC has become a worldwide leader within this burgeoning field. In its first five years alone, IMSC attracted more than US$50 million in additional funding from government, industry and academe, and is leading the way in advancing the software and hardware framework to create immersive environments in which people can interact, communicate and collaborate naturally in a shared virtual space.

18. SOME RESEARCH AREAS IN IMSC 3D Modeling 3D Hand and Fingers Reconstruction Animation of Cloth-like Objects in Virtual Reality Binocular and Multiple View Stereo Using Tensor Voting Data-Driven Face Modeling and Animation Digital Geometry Processing ESP - Expression Synthesis Project Facial Expression Analysis and Synthesis Hair Modeling and Animation Model-Based Face Computation Audio -- Immersive Audio Rendering Algorithms and Virtual Microphones Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality -- Augmented Virtual Environments Data Management -- Geospatial Data Integration Haptics (Virtual Touch) Interacctive Education BioSIGHT Content and Interaction BioSIGHT Interactive Streaming Storyboard Music Processing Content-based Representations, Indexing and Retrieval of Music Giving Ragas the Time of Day: Pitch Structures in North Indian Classical Music MuSA: Music Information Processing MuSA.RT Palestrina Pal: A Grammar Checker for Music Compositions in the Style of Palestrina PST - Pitch Spelling Technology VoSA - Voice Separation Analyzer Speech Automatic Recognition of Emotions from the Acoustic Speech Signal Compression for Speech Recognition and Music Classification Expressive Speech Synthesis and Modeling Hierarchical Speech Recognition Implicit Pronunciation Modeling for Speech Recognition Using Syllable-Centric Models On-Line Speaker Indexing

19. SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS OF MECHANISM & SYSTEMS SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS OF FUNCTION AND LANGUAGE SCHEMATIC OF THE MIND FROM PERCEPTION TO LANGUAGE MIND PHYSIOLOGY OF PERCEPTION HIGHER-LEVEL COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING TERRA INCOGNITA PERCEPTION REASONING SENSING FUNCTION LINGUISTIC FUNCTION CAL TECH ERC FOR NEUROMORPHIC SYSTEMS USC ERC FOR MULTI-MEDIA SYSTEMS

20. FOUR PARADIGMS IN SCIENCE WORLD SELF MECHANISM FUNCTION SYSTEMS LOGIC MATTER MIND

21. ILLUSTRATION : Von Neumann Architecture as a paradigm of Logic • We can see how logic played a key role in designing the architecture of the first computers as the famous Von Neumann architecture. • The computer architecture of the first stored program computer ran computation as cycles of logical steps: • Initiate the program; • Fetch the first instruction from main memory to the program register; • Read the instruction and set the appropriate control signals for the various internal units of the computer to execute the instruction; • Fetch the data to be operated upon by the instruction from main memory to the data register; • Execute the first instruction upon the data and store the results in a storage register; • Fetch the second instruction from the main memory the program register; • Read the instruction and set the appropriate control signals for the various internal units of the computer to execute the instruction; • Execute the second instruction upon the recently processed data whose result is in the storage register and store the new result in the storage register; • Proceed to fetch, read, set and execute the sequence of program instructions, storing the most recent result in the storage register until the complete program has been executed; • Transfer the final calculated result from the storage register to the main memory and/or to the output of the computer.

22. The Von Neumann computer architecture is a logic for conducting calculations -- the logic of a “Turing machine”. Any mathematical calculation can be expressed as a sequence of ordered algorithmic steps that transformed initial data into calculated results. In this case we see that logic is a structuring idea – a meta-theory – a logic -- a paradigmatic idea for computers.

23. SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINESPARADIGM USE MATHEMATICS LOGIC PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY MECHANISM & SYSTEMS BIOLOGY MECHANISM & SYSTEMS & FUNCTION SOCIOLOGY SYSTEMS & FUNCTION ECONOMICS SYSTEMS & LOGIC COMPUTER SCIENCE SYSTEMS & FUNCTION & LOGIC

24. EXAMPLES MATHEMATICS LANGUAGE ALGEBRA CALCULUS GROUPS HILBERT SPACES PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY MECHANISM & SYSTEMS NEWTONIAN MECHANICS QUANTUM MECHANICS ATOMIC THEORY MOLECULAR THEORY SPECIAL RELATIVITY BIOLOGY MECHANISM & SYSTEMS & FUNCTION MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EVOLUTION THEORY SOCIOLOGY SYSTEMS & FUNCTION STRUCTUAL FUNCTIONALISM ECONOMICS SYSTEMS & LOGIC SUPPLY & DEMAND MARKET IMPERFECTIONS COMPUTER SCIENCE SYSTEMS & FUNCTION & LANGUAGE PROGRAMING LANGUAGES OPERATING SYSTEMS SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE

25. INFORMATION MODEL OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD UNIVERSITY OBSERVATION INSTRUMENTS EXPERIMENT S1 T1 NATURAL THING SCIENTIST SCIENCE DEPARTMENTS DISCIPLINE THEORY PREDICTION MATHEMATICS T2 S2 NATURAL THING SCEINTIST SCIENCE INVENTS INSTRUMENTS FOR OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENT. INSTRUMENTATION DEPENDS UPON SENSORY FOCUS AND UPON SENSITIVITY. EXPERIMENTS USE INSTRUMENTS TO OBSERVE AND ABSTRACT THE PROPERTIES OF NATURE THROUGH CONTROLLED EXPLORATION OF NATURE. THEORY IS THE GENERALIZATION OF THE ABSTRACTIONS OF NATURE AS PHENOMAL OBJECTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS. PREDICTION IS A FORECAST BASED UPON A CAUSAL EXPLANATION OF THE THEORY. SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS ARE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS IN WHICH THEORY IS CONSTRUCTED.

26. SCIENCE DISCIPLINES CONSTRUCT THEORY WITHIN GENERAL FRAMEWORKS OF PARADIGMS – SCIENTIFIC META-THEORIES. DISCIPLINE THEORY META-THEORY (SCIENTIFIC PARADIGM)

27. Scientific meta-theories are conceptual frameworks for structuring scientific theories – SCIENTIFIC PARADIGMS. SCIENTIFIC META-THEORY LOGICAL HIERARCHY Scientific theories are specialized semantic languages for representing observable phenomenal fields. SCIENTIFIC THEORY Scientific models are representations of specific phenomenal objects (e.g. the model of the atom) SCIENTIFIC MODELS

28. WORLD SELF MECHANISM FUNCTION SYSTEMS LOGIC MATTER MIND EXISTENCE OF PRIOR EVENT “A” TO EVENTS RELATIONOCCURANCE OF SUBSEQUENT EVENT “B” CAUSAL RELATION NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT PRODUCTIVE RELATION NECESSARY AND NOT SUFFICIENT ACCIDENTAL RELATION NOT NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT THEMATIC RELATION NOT NECESSARY AND NOT SUFFCIENT ONLY IN THE PARADIGM OF ‘MECHANISM ARE THERE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS

29. PARADIGMS AND SCIENTIFIC METHODS IN SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES OBSERVATION INSTRUMETATION EXPERIMENT PHYSICAL SCIENTIST S1 O1 PHENOMENA PHYSICAL DISCIPLINE THEORY & ANALYSIS MATHEMATICS PREDICTION PHYSICAL SCIENTIST S2 02 O BJECT E1 P1 ENGINEER PROTOTYPE PRODUCT PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT DESIGN NEW PRODUCT INNOVATION ENGINEER E2 P2 LEGAL OR MEDICAL PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL OBJECT SOCIAL SCIENTIST CLIENT PERCEPTION REFERAL O1 C1 P1 S1 OBSERVATION SERVICE SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINE PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE SOCIAL THEORY COOPERATION OR CONFLICT CRITIQUE PAYMENT O2 P2 C2 S2 PRESCRIPTION/ ACCEDENTAL/ THEMATIC PRESCRIPTION LEGAL OR MEDICAL PROFESSIONAL SOCIAL SCEINTIST SOCIAL OBJECT CLIENT