Kingdom Plantae

1. Kingdom Plantae Overview of Plant Diversity, Structure/Function, Reproduction, Responses and Adaptations

2. How many different kinds of plants can you count on the following slide? • A. 10 • B. 17 • C. 34 • D. Too many to count….

3. D. Too many to count

4. Plants Make the World Go Round • Life as we know it today could not exist without plants.Plants provide us with many essential items other than food. • 1. What are some items you use daily that are plant products? • 2. What are three things plants need from animals, either directly or indirectly?

5. What is a Plant? • Plants are members of the Kingdom Plantae. • All are multicellular eukaryotes. • All have cell walls made of cellulose. • Carry out photosynthesis using green pigments chlorophyll a and b. • Most are autotrophic. • A few are saprobic (decomposers) or parasitic. • Ex: Trees, shrubs, grasses, mosses, ferns

6. What Plants Need to Survive • Plants are sessile…they don’t move around. This makes survival on land a difficult task. • To be able to survive, they need: • 1. Sunlight – they use energy from sunlight to carry out photosynthesis. • 2. Water and Minerals – all cells require a constant supply of water. As plants absorb water, they also absorb minerals, which they need for growth.

7. What Plants Need to Survive • 3. Gas Exchange – plants require oxygen to support cellular respiration as well as carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis. • 4. Movement of Water and Nutrients – plants take in water and minerals through their roots, but make food in their leaves. They have to have specialized tissues to carry water upward and distribute products of photosynthesis throughout the plant body

8. Plant Diversity Cone-bearing plants 760 species Flowering plants 235,000 species Ferns & relatives 11,000 species Mosses & relatives 15,600 species

9. Reproduction Free From Water • Seed plants do not require water for fertilization of gametes. • This allows plants to live anywhere. • Adaptations that allow this include: • Cones and Flowers • The gametophyte grows within the cone or flower. • Cones = Gymnosperms • Flowers = Angiosperms

10. Reproduction Free From Water • Pollen • The entire male gametophyte is contained in a tiny structure called a pollen grain. • The grain is carried to the female reproductive structure by wind, insects, or small animals. • This transfer or pollen is called pollination.

11. Reproduction Free From Water • Seeds • A seed is an embryo of a plant that is enclosed in a protective covering that is surrounded by a food supply. • An embryo is an organism in its early stage of development. • A seed coat surrounds and protects the embryo. • This prevents drying out of the embryo. • Seeds can be dispersed by wind, sticking to fur, or by being eaten and dispersed by animals.

12. Seed Structure SeedCoat Seed Embryo Wing StoredFoodSupply

13. Eat Your Seeds! • A seed contains both the embryo of a plant and a food supply for that plant. If you have eaten corn, you’ve eaten a seed. Do you like hamburger buns with sesame seeds on them? That’s another kind of seed you’ve eaten. • After you answer the following questions, exchange papers with a partner to see how many of the same seeds you listed.

14. 1. In addition to sesame seeds, what are some other seeds that are found in or on top of loaves of bread? 2. In addition to corn, what are some other seeds that are eaten as “vegetables”? 3. What are some seeds that you have eaten as snack foods? 4. What types of nutrients are found in seeds? 5. Do seeds have the same nutritional value for plants as they do for animals? Why?

15. Gymnosperms – Cone Bearers • Gymnosperms are the most ancient surviving seed plants • Conifers are the most common gymnosperms. • These include pines, spruces, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, and junipers. • Redwoods can grow more than 100 meters in height! • Needle-like leaves are characteristic of this group, which is believed to have been evolved for dry, cool climates, and allows for water conservation.

16. Angiosperms – Flowering Plants • Angiosperms develop unique reproductive organs known as flowers. • Advantage: attract animals such as bees, moths, or hummingbirds, which allows for efficient pollination. Helianthus annuus

17. Angiosperms – Flowering Plants • Flowers contain ovaries, which surround and protect the seeds. • After pollination, the ovary develops into a fruit. • A fruit is a wall of tissue surrounding a seed, which can be eaten by animals, and the seeds are dispersed after they pass through the animals digestive system.

18. Annuals Perennials Biennials 1growingseason Morethan2years 2years Plants are categorized as that completetheir life cycle in that completetheir life cycle in that completetheir life cycle in

19. Seed Plant Structure • Three of the principle organs of seed plants are roots, stems and leaves. • 1. Roots – the root system of a plant absorbs water and dissolved nutrients. • Roots anchor plants to the ground, preventing erosion, and protects the plant from harmful soil bacteria and fungi. • They also hold plants upright against wind and rain.

20. Seed Plant Structure • 2. Stems – a stem has a support system for the plant body, a transport system that carries nutrients, and a defense system that protects the plant against predators and disease. • The stem must be strong enough to support branches and leaves. • The stem must also contain subsystems that lift water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves.

21. Seed Plant Structure • 3. Leaves – leaves are the plants main photosynthetic systems. • Leaves must contain subsystems that protect against water loss and conserve water, while allowing oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and exit the leaf. Stem Root Dermal Tissue VascularTissue GroundTissue

22. Tissue Systems • Plants consist of three main tissue systems: dermal tissue, vascular tissue, and ground tissue. • 1. Dermal Tissue – the outer covering of a plant consists of a single layer of epidermal cells. • These outer cells are often covered with a thick waxy layer called the cuticle. • Ex: Helps regulate water loss/gas exchange in leaves, increases surface area in roots and aids in water absorption.

23. Tissue Systems • 2. Vascular Tissue – forms a transport system that moves water and nutrients throughout the plant. It has two main components: • A. Xylem – tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant. • B. Phloem – tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis.

24. Tissue Systems • 3. Ground Tissue – the cells that lie between the dermal and vascular tissues make up the ground tissue. • Photosynthesis occurs in the ground tissue of plants. Leaf Stem Root Dermal Tissue VascularTissue GroundTissue

25. Types of Roots • The two main types of roots are taproots and fibrous roots. • 1. Taproot – reach far underground for water. • Ex: Carrots, dandelions, radishes • 2. Fibrous root – helps prevent erosion. • Ex: Grasses

26. Root Functions • Roots have 3 main jobs: • 1. Uptake of Plant Nutrients - Nutrient Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium Calcium Role in Plant Proper leaf growth and color; synthesis of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll Synthesis of DNA; development of roots, stems, flowers, and seeds Synthesis of proteins and carbohydrates; development of roots, stems, and flowers; resistance to cold and disease Synthesis of chlorophyll Cell growth and division; cell wall structure; cellular transport; enzyme action Result of Deficiency Stunted plant growth; pale yellow leaves Poor flowering; stunted growth Weak stems and stunted roots; edges of leaves turn brown Thin stems; mottled, pale leaves Stunted growth; curled leaves

27. Root Functions • 2. Active transport of minerals – by using active transport to accumulate ions from the soil, cells of the root epidermis create conditions under which osmosis causes water to “follow” those ions and flow into the root. • The minerals then flow into the vascular tissue and are dispersed throughout the plant.

28. Root Functions • 3. Root Pressure – as minerals are pumped into the vascular tissue, more and more water follows by osmosis. • This produces a strong pressure that keeps forcing water and nutrients in and up into the plant body, and prevents the roots from filling up and expanding with water. • Without a constant root pressure, the stem and leaves would wither and die.

29. Stem Study • Imagine walking through a botanical garden. You probably would see many different kinds of plants, such as small and large trees, flowering plants, and cacti. • 1. How do the stems of trees, flowering plants, and cacti differ? • 2. How are the stems of these plants similar?

30. Stem Structure and Function • Stems have three important functions: • They produce leaves, branches and flowers; they hold leaves up to the sunlight; and they transport substances between roots and leaves. • Xylem and Phloem form continuous tubes from the roots through the stem to the leaves. • The stem allows for the entire body of the plant to be connected, so water and nutrients can reach the leaves.

31. The region where the leaf branches off of the stem is called a node. • The spaces in between nodes are called internodes. • In flowering plants, buds form at the nodes in between the stem and the leaf. Node Internode

32. Formation of Wood • Most of what we call “wood” is actually layers of xylem. These cells build up year after year, layer upon layer. • Tree growth is usually seasonal – light colored wood rings are called “early wood,” dark colored layers wood rings are called “late wood.” • These names correspond with the times of year wood is formed, early and late in the year.

33. Formation of Bark • Bark includes all structures from the phloem to the outside of the tree. • As the phloem grows to accommodate the needs of the growing tree, it forces other vascular tissues outward. • The expansion causes the oldest tissues to split and fragment at they are stretched by the expanding stem. • By the time these layers reach the outermost area of the tree, they are usually dead and cracked and look like the bark we all have seen on trees.

34. Layers of a Mature Tree Wood Bark Heartwood Phloem MeristemTissue Xylem

35. Leaf Arrangements

36. Leaf Structure • The structure of a leaf is optimized for absorbing light and carrying out photosynthesis. • The blade, the large flattened section, collects sunlight. • The stalked petiole attaches the blade to the stem.

37. Internal Structure of a Leaf Cuticle Veins Epidermis Xylem Xylem Phloem Spongymesophyll Epidermis Epidermis Stoma Stoma

38. Simple Leaves

39. Compound Leaves Acacia cornigera

40. Leaf Functions • There are three main functions of leaves. • 1. Leaves are specialized structures for carrying out photosynthesis. • 2. Leaves lose water through stoma in a process called transpiration. Lost water is replaced by water drawn in through the xylem. • 3. Leaves are the site of gas exchange. They take in carbon dioxide and give off oxygen during photosynthesis

41. Water Transport • Water transport occurs in a plant due to the following processes: • 1. A constant root pressure makes water transport possible • 2. Capillary action causes the water to rise upward in the phloem. • 3. Water is pulled through the stoma in the leaves in a process called transpiration. • 4. Excess transpiration or low root pressure causes wilting, in which the stoma would then close to slow transpiration and build root pressure back up.

42. Evaporation of water molecules out of leaves. Pull of water molecules upward from the roots.

43. Nutrient Transport • We now know that transpiration pulls water upward through a plant. But most plant nutrients, including sugars, minerals, and organic molecules, are pushed through the phloem. • Sugar movement flows from a source to a sink. • The source can be any cell in which sugars are produced by photosynthesis. • The sink is a cell where the sugars are used or stored. • So….the sugars essentially move from where they are produced to where they are stored.

44. Flower Structure Stamen • Flowers are reproductive organs that are composed of four kinds of specialized leaves: • 1. Sepals, • 2. Petals, • 3. Stamens, • 4. Carpels. Carpel Stigma Anther Style Filament Ovary Petal Ovule Sepal

45. Flower Variation Centaurea americana Nelumbo lutea Oenothera speciosa Helianthus annuus Danaus plexippus on Cephalanthus occidentalis Sabatia campestris

46. Sepals and Petals • Sepals – the outermost circle of floral parts. Usually resembling leaves, they enclose the bud before it opens, and they protect the flower while it develops. • Petals – the floral parts directly inside of the sepals. They are often brightly colored to attract insects and birds. • Because these two groups are non-reproductive parts, they are sometimes called the sterile leaves.

47. Stamens and Carpels • Stamens – made up of the male reproductive parts, the filament and anther. • The filament is a long, thin stalk supporting the anther. • The anther is the site of meiosis, producing pollen. • Carpels – also called the pistil, made up of the female reproductive parts. • The ovary is the site of meiosis, producing ovules. • The style is a narrow stalk, on which the stigma sits. • The stigma is the sticky portion on top of the style, where pollen grains land, and travel down the style to the ovary.

48. Comparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated Plants Characteristics Pollination method Relative efficiency of pollination method Plant types Reproductive organs Adaptations that promote pollination Wind-pollinatedPlants Wind pollination Less efficient Mostly gymnosperms and some angiosperms Cones Pollination drop Animal-pollinated Plants Vector pollination More efficient Angiosperms Flowers Bright colors, sweet nectar

49. Pollination • Most gymnosperms are wind pollinated, whereas most angiosperms are pollinated by animals. • Ex: insects, birds, bats • The work insect pollination would cost humans if we had to do it ourselves would cost billions of dollars a year. • Botanists suggest that insect pollination is the factor largely responsible for the displacement of gymnosperms by angiosperms during the last 100 million years.

50. Seed Dispersal • Dispersal by animals – seeds contained in sweet, fleshy fruits are eaten by animals. • The tough coating of seeds protects them from digestive enzymes. • The seed sprouts in the nutrient rich feces of the animal, often in areas where there is less competition with the parent plants.