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Bug Basics

Bug Basics. Peter Warren County Extension Director Urban Horticulture Extension Agent Pima County Cooperative Extension University of Arizona. Overview. The Big Picture Identification Diagnosing Plant Damage Identification Tools Common & Invasive Pests Benefits.

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Bug Basics

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  1. Bug Basics Peter Warren County Extension Director Urban Horticulture Extension Agent Pima County Cooperative Extension University of Arizona

  2. Overview • The Big Picture • Identification • Diagnosing Plant Damage • Identification Tools • Common & Invasive Pests • Benefits

  3. From “Evolution of the Insects” (Grimaldi & Engel 2005)

  4. Identifying Arthropods • Animals • Segmented body • Exoskeleton • Paired jointed appendages • Bilateral symmetry

  5. Arthropod Groups • Crustacea • Diplopoda • Chilopoda • Symphylans • Xiphosura • Arachnida • Insecta >> Water fleas, shrimps, lobsters, crayfish, crabs, sowbugs (pillbugs) >> Millipedes >> Centipedes >> Symphyla >> Horseshoe Crabs >> spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, mites, ticks >> insects

  6. Insect Classification Kingdom - Animal Phylum - Arthropoda Class - Insecta Order - Hemiptera Family - Pentatomidae Genus - Nezara Species - viridula Author - Linnaeus

  7. Insect Orders • Approximately 31 Orders • Divided primarily on • type of metamorphosis • structure of wings • structure of mouthparts Mantophasmatodea

  8. Insect Development • Metamorphosis • Meta = change • Morph = form • Two types of Metamorphosis • Simple = gradual change • Complete = profound change • Molting • Evolutionarily advanced Orders use complete metamorphosis

  9. Many wormlike Number of legs varies Most soft and fleshy No wings Most slow moving Examples Caterpillars, Maggots, Grubs Three body segments Six legs Most crunchy Most have wings Most fast moving Examples Butterflies, Flies, Beetles Immature versus Adult

  10. Key Immature Characteristics • Where are they found? • What are they eating? • Do they have legs? • If so, how many? • Coloration?

  11. Meet the Beetles

  12. Key Adult Characteristics • Exoskeleton • protection • support • Head • antennae • eyes • mouthparts • Thorax • legs • wings • Abdomen • digestion • respiration

  13. Abdomen • Internal organs • For reproduction, digestion, circulation, and respiration • External structures • Cerci: feeler-like appendages • Ovipositor: egg laying device, sometimes modified for defense • Spiracles: openings for respiration

  14. Thorax

  15. Wings • Present only in the adult stage (one exception) • At most two pairs found • Many variations in form

  16. Wing Variations • Coleoptera(Beetles) • Elytra -- hard, sclerotized front wings that serve as protective covers for membranous hind wings

  17. Wing Variations • Hemiptera: (True Bugs) • Hemelytra -- front wings that are leathery or parchment-like at the base and membranous near the tip

  18. Wing Variations • Orthoptera, Blattodea, and Mantodea (grasshoppers, cockroaches, & mantids) • Tegmina -- front wings that are completely leathery or parchment-like in texture

  19. Wing Variations • Diptera (flies) • Halteres -- small, club-like hind wings that serve as gyroscopic stabilizers during flight

  20. Wing Variations • Thysanoptera (thrips) • Fringed wings -- slender front and hind wings with long fringes of hair

  21. Wing Variations • Lepidoptera (butterflies & moths) • Scaly wings -- front and hind wings covered with flattened setae (scales)

  22. Wing Variations • Many Orders (dragonflies, bees, etc.) • Membranous wings -- front and hind wings thin and more or less transparent

  23. Wing Venation • Costa (C) • Subcosta (Sc) • Radius (R) • Media (M) • Cubitus (Cu) • Anal veins (A1, A2, A3) Times fun when your having flies

  24. Mouthparts Chewing Piercing/Sucking Sponging/Lapping Siphoning/Sucking

  25. Herbivorous & predacious bugs and mosquitoes Mandibles and maxillae are formed into stylets enclosed by the labium Once the stylets penetrate, a secretion is injected to dissolve tissue act as a toxin in predacious species act as anticoagulant for mosquitoes

  26. Diagnosing Plant Damage • Chewed leaves or blossoms • Discolored leaves or blossoms • Distorted leaves, branches, or trunks • Dieback of shoots, twigs, or branches • Products of insects and mites

  27. Types of Insect Injury • Chewing • Piercing sucking • Internal feeders • Subterranean • Egg laying • Nest material • Disease vector >> beetles, caterpillars, grasshoppers, etc. >> aphids, scale, leafhoppers, etc. >> leaf miners, borers, caterpillars, etc. >> wireworms, root maggots, rootworms, etc. >> cicadas, gall insects, etc. >> leaf cutter bees, etc. >> aphids, leafhoppers, bees, beetles, etc.

  28. Effective Diagnosis • Recognition of symptoms • Regular monitoring • Record keeping • Accurate identification • Close examination • Consulting experts as needed • Knowledge of pest life cycle • Identify susceptible life stages • Determine location for management • Distribution of pest population • Are there enough of them to be a problem? • Are they wide spread or spreading?

  29. Landscape CSI Success depends on early identification and diagnosis Clues for diagnosis Problem symptoms Nuts drop early Nuts without edible meat Problem signs Worm-like critter or frass in shell Holes in shell Host preference Shagbark hickory Resources for diagnosis Coworkers Reference books, internet Extension Office

  30. Determining Insect Pest Status • First goal: identify to Order level (such as bee, beetle, fly) • antennae, wings, mouthparts • shape, texture, size, color • life stage: egg, larva, pupa, adult • Then use other clues to determine pest status • Host plant • Activity and/or damage • feeding, flying, crawling, etc.

  31. Diagnostic Tools

  32. Sources of Information • Publications • Land-grant Universities • OMRI.org • BIRC.org • Community Availability • Survey Local Stores/Nurseries • Cooperative Extension/MGs • Dotcom Resources & Catalogs • Buyer beware • Check for products that have been tested by reputable organizations • Ask for data and references

  33. Components of an IPM Program • Knowledge of Plants and Pests • Potential pests and conditions likely associated • Setting Goals for Protection • Action thresholds and available control options available • Site Maps • Details the physical and environmental features • Monitoring • Weekly checks recommended • Making Control Decisions • Considering the data available • Record Keeping • Date, location, weather, activity • Evaluation

  34. Overview of IPM Options • Host resistance • Biological control • Chemical control • Cultural control • Mechanical control • Do nothing

  35. This must be the one with insect resistance! Host Resistance • Plants naturally evolve resistance to pests • Plant breeding is used to alter the process • Genetic engineering provides a new wrinkle

  36. Biological Control • Predators, parasites or parasitoids, and pathogens • Lower pest densities to innocuous levels and keep them there • Attract beneficial insects by planting flowering nectar & pollen sources • Release beneficial insects into environments where pests exist

  37. Chemical Control • Avicides to control pest birds • Bactericides to destroy bacteria • Fungicides to destroy fungi • Herbicides to kill weeds • Insecticides to destroy insects • Miticides to kill mites • Molluscicides to kill snails and slugs • Nematicides to kill nematodes • Piscicides to control pest fish • Predacides to control vertebrate pests • Rodenticides to destroy rodents

  38. Pesticide Effectiveness • Type • match chemical with problem • Time • use chemical when most effective • Place • use chemical where most effective

  39. Non-target Organisms • Mammals • Birds • Fish • Bees

  40. Least Toxic Insecticides • Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for caterpillars, beetles, flies, etc. (making sure you buy the right one) • Insecticidal soap for aphid, mealybug, psyllid, spider mite, and whitefly control • Horticultural oils for sessile (or nearly so) pests such as hemlock wooly adelgid

  41. Cultural Control • The deliberate alteration of the plant production system to reduce pest populations or avoid pest injury to plants • The key to successful IPM • Three basic types • Site selection • Soil preparation • Plant selection

  42. Diversity • Avoid large plantings of one type • less attractive from the start • can slow the spread of pests • Include farmscaping plants if diversity is not realistic • Use native and well adapted species • Use disease and insect resistant varieties

  43. Mechanical and Physical Control • Direct or indirect measures that either destroy pests outright or make the environment unsuitable • Removing pests • by hand, with traps • Preventing access to plants • screens, ditches, row covers • Sanitation • remove shelter, food sources, moisture, attractive odors

  44. Three Cardinal Rules of IPM • Know your ecosystem • Scout regularly • Keep good records

  45. Invasive Insects • Mostly accidental introductions • Notable exceptions include gypsy moth • Humans are excellent vectors • Success • No natural enemies • Similar food plants • Similar climate • Management • Difficult to eradicate • Efforts to slow the spread • Always bet on the bug brown marmorated stink bug

  46. Emerald ash borer

  47. Asian Long-horned Beetle

  48. Insects with Benefits • Pollination • Commercial products • Biological Pest Control • Decomposition • Food for other animals $19 billion + $300 million + ??? + ??? + ??? > $20 billion

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