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Mars: Second Order Landscapes

Geography 441/541 S/14 Dr. Christine M. Rodrigue. Mars: Second Order Landscapes. Mars: Second Order Landscapes. The “Orders of Relief” for Martian Landscapes The first order was the great crustal dichotomy: Northern lowlands: ~ 1/3 Southern highlands: ~2/3

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Mars: Second Order Landscapes

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  1. Geography 441/541 S/14 Dr. Christine M. Rodrigue Mars: Second Order Landscapes C.M. Rodrigue, 2014 Geography, CSULB

  2. C.M. Rodrigue, 2014 Geography, CSULB Mars: Second Order Landscapes • The “Orders of Relief” for Martian Landscapes • The first order was the great crustal dichotomy: • Northern lowlands: ~ 1/3 • Southern highlands: ~2/3 • The second order is tonight’s focus: • The largest craters: Hellas, Argyre, Isidis, Utopia • Tharsis and Elysium volcanic rises • Valles Marineris rifting and landslides • The polar ice caps: CO2 and H2O glaciation • Chryse Trough: possible fluvial drainage? • Syrtis Major: æolian process exposing basalt

  3. Mars: Second Order Landscapes • The Impact Basins • Hellas Planitia • Huge: 30 of latitude by 50  of longitude • ~2,300 km across • ~8 km deep in local topography; 4 km below the geoid! C.M. Rodrigue, 2014 Geography, CSULB

  4. Mars: Second Order Landscapes • The Impact Basins • Hellas Planitia • Depositional features: volcanic outflows and wrinkle ridges C.M. Rodrigue, 2014 Geography, CSULB

  5. Mars: Second Order Landscapes • The Impact Basins • Hellas Planitia • Erosional features (MGS MOC): • outflow channels Dao Vallis, Niger Vallis, and Harmakhis Vallis along Hellas’ eastern wall • ~ 1 km deep and 8-40 km wide (must have been some outflow) C.M. Rodrigue, 2014 Geography, CSULB

  6. Mars: Second Order Landscapes • The Impact Basins • Hellas Planitia • Erosional features (MGS MOC): boulder tracks down cliffs C.M. Rodrigue, 2014 Geography, CSULB

  7. Mars: Second Order Landscapes • The Impact Basins • Hellas Planitia • Depositional features (MGS MOC): lacustrine, shoreline C.M. Rodrigue, 2014 Geography, CSULB

  8. Mars: Second Order Landscapes • The Impact Basins • Hellas Planitia • Depositional features (MGS MOC): hunh? Water? Ice? C.M. Rodrigue, 2014 Geography, CSULB

  9. Mars: Second Order Landscapes • The Impact Basins • Hellas Planitia • Depositional features (MGS MOC): dunes in southern Hellas C.M. Rodrigue, 2014 Geography, CSULB

  10. Mars: Second Order Landscapes • The Impact Basins • Argyre Planitia • Hydraulic system C.M. Rodrigue, 2014 Geography, CSULB

  11. Mars: Second Order Landscapes • The Impact Basins • Argyre Planitia • Wind deposition: dune (HRSC) • Wind erosion: dust devils (MOC) C.M. Rodrigue, 2014 Geography, CSULB

  12. Mars: Second Order Landscapes • The Impact Basins • Argyre Planitia • Fluvial erosion: gullies in Galle • Complexity: impact, consolidation, wind erosion C.M. Rodrigue, 2014 Geography, CSULB

  13. Mars: Second Order Landscapes • The Impact Basins • Isidis Planitia • Where Beagle was to land C.M. Rodrigue, 2014 Geography, CSULB

  14. Mars: Second Order Landscapes • The Impact Basins • Isidis Planitia • Another complex history • 1,500 km big impact C.M. Rodrigue, 2014 Geography, CSULB

  15. Mars: Second Order Landscapes • The Impact Basins • Utopia Planitia • Lava basin antipodal to Argyre • Viking 2 frost documentation C.M. Rodrigue, 2014 Geography, CSULB

  16. C.M. Rodrigue, 2014 Geography, CSULB Mars: Second Order Landscapes • The Impact Basins • Utopia Planitia • Circular grabens, some of them double • Draping of cover material (sediment?) over buried craters • Folding and compaction into depressions creates grabens on inner slopes of buried craters’ rims • Sometimes shrinkage of cover material exerts tension leading to grabens just beyond buried crater rim

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