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SOLAR POWERED IRRIGATION SYSTEM

SOLAR POWERED IRRIGATION SYSTEM. Under the Guidance of Submitted by. ABSTRACT. In the field of agriculture, use of proper method of irrigation is important because the main reason is the lack of rains & scarcity of land reservoir water .

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SOLAR POWERED IRRIGATION SYSTEM

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  1. SOLAR POWERED IRRIGATION SYSTEM Under the Guidance of Submitted by

  2. ABSTRACT In the field of agriculture, use of proper method of irrigation is important because the main reason is the lack of rains & scarcity of land reservoir water. Another very important reason of this is due to unplanned use of water due to which a significant amount of water goes waste. For this purpose; we use this automatic plant irrigation system. In this project we use solar energy which is used to operate the irrigation pump.

  3. BLOCK DIAGRAM

  4. HARDWARE COMPONENTS • TRANSFORMER (230 – 12 V AC) • VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805) • RECTIFIER • FILTER • MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/AT89C51) • SOLAR PANEL • COMPARATOR • MOSFET • LCD • WATER PUMP • LM358 OP-AMP

  5. HARDWARE COMPONENTS • BC547 TRANSISTOR • RELAY • 1N4007 • LED • RESISTORS • CAPACITORS • PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS/SOLAR CELLS • BATTERY • COMPARATOR • MOSFET

  6. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Definition for :- EMBEDDED SYSTEMS • A combination of hardware and software which together form a component of a larger machine. • An example of an embedded system is a microprocessor that controls an automobile engine. • An embedded system is designed to run on its own without human intervention, and may be required to respond to events in real time.

  7. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

  8. MICRO CONTROLLER AT89S52 • Compatible with MCS®-51 Products • 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory • 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range • Crystal Frequency 11.0592MHZ • Three-level Program Memory Lock • 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM • 32 Programmable I/O Lines • Three 16-bit Timer/Counters • Eight Interrupt Sources • Full Duplex UART Serial Channel • Watchdog Timer

  9. PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52

  10. BC547 • The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. • The BC547 transistor is a general-purpose transistor in small plastic packages. • It is used in general-purpose switching and amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose transistors. • Whenever base is high, then current starts flowing through base and emitter and after that only current will pass from collector to emitter

  11. LED LEDs are semiconductor devices are made out of silicon When current passes through the LED, it emits photons as a byproduct. Normal light bulbs produce light by heating a metal filament until its white hot LEDs present many advantages over traditional light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size and faster switching

  12. LM 358 ( COMPARATOR ) • Internally frequency compensated for unity gain. • Large dc voltage gain: 100 Db. • Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1 MHz (temperature compensated) • Wide power supply range: • Single supply: 3V to 32V • or dual supplies: ±1.5V to ±16V • Very low supply current drain (500 µA)-essentially independent of supply voltage. • Low input offset voltage: 2 mV • Input common-mode voltage range includes ground. • Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage.

  13. LM 358 PIN DIAGRAM • 1 - Output 1 • 2 - Inverting input • 3 - Non-inverting input • 4 – VCC- • 5 - Non-inverting input 2 • 6 - Inverting input 2 • 7 - Output 2 • 8 – VCC+

  14. RELAY • IT IS A ELECTRO MAGNETIC SWITCH • USED TO CONTROL THE ELECTRICAL DEVICES • COPPER CORE MAGNETIC FLUX PLAYS MAIN ROLE HERE

  15. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) • Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and • 20x2 displays. • This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line • by 2 lines, respectively. • The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller • chip which receives data from an external source (and communicates • directly with the LCD.

  16. LCD BACKGROUND • If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines • (3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus) • The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW • EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data) • RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command) • (When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data ) • R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD) • (When RW is low (0), the data reading to the LCD)

  17. MOSFET(IRF 510) • The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a device used for amplifying or switching electronic signals • The basic principle of the device a voltage on the oxide-insulated gate electrode can induce a conductingchannel between the two other contacts called source and drain • It is by far the most common transistor in both digital and analog circuits, though the bipolar junctiontransistor was at one time much more common.

  18. OPAMP LM324 • Features • Internally frequency compensated for unity gain • Large DC voltage gain 100 dB • Wideband with 1Mhz (Temperature compensated) • Wide power supply range: • Single supply 3V to 32V • or dual supplies ±1.5V to ±16V • Very low supply current drain (700 μA) essentially independent of supply voltage • Low input biasing current 45 nA (temperature compensated) • Low input offset voltage 2mV and offset current:5 nA • Large output voltage swing 0V to V+ − 1.5V

  19. BC547 (NPN –Transistor) • The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. • It is used in general-purpose switching and amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose transistors. • The ratio of two currents (Ic/Ib) is called the DC Current Gain of the device and is given the symbol of hfe or nowadays Beta, (β).

  20. The current gain from the emitter to the collector terminal, Ic/Ie, is called Alpha, (α), and is a function of the transistor itself

  21. 1N4148 • The 1N4148 is a standard small signal silicon diode used in signal processing. • The 1N4148 is generally available in a DO-35 glass package and is very useful at high frequencies with a reverse recovery time of no more than 4ns. • This permits rectification and detection of radio frequency signals very effectively, as long as their amplitude is above the forward conduction threshold of silicon (around 0.7V) or the diode is biased.

  22. PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS • Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of special materials called semiconductors such as silicon, which is currently the most commonly used. • Basically, when light strikes the cell, a certain portion of it is absorbed within the semiconductor material. • PV cells also all have one or more electric fields that act to force electrons freed by light absorption to flow in a certain direction. • This flow of electrons is a current, and by placing metal contacts on the top and bottom of the PV cell, we can draw that current off to use externally.

  23. SOLAR PANEL • Expose the cell to light, and the energy from each photon (light particle) hitting the silicon, will liberate an electron and a corresponding hole. • If this happens within range of the electric field’s influence, the electrons will be sent to the N side and the holes to the P one, resulting in yet further disruption of electrical neutrality • This flow of electrons is a current; the electrical field in the cell causes a voltage and the product of these two is power

  24. BATTERY • An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. • The battery has become a common power source for many household, robotics and industrial applications. • Larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers

  25. Battery capacity and discharging

  26. QUERIES ?

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