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The Development of Man and Civilizations

Explore the development of humanity from hunter-gatherer societies to modern civilizations through archaeological discoveries of early human remains, settlements, fossils, and artifacts. Discover the key milestones in human evolution and cultural advancements. Learn about famous archaeological finds such as Laetoli footprints and the evolution of Homo species. Delve into the Neolithic Era and the transition to settled agricultural societies. Uncover the significance of key sites like Catal Huyuk and Stonehenge. Gain insights into the challenges and advantages of village living and the evolution towards city settlements.

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The Development of Man and Civilizations

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  1. The Development of Man and Civilizations

  2. Archaeology • Archaeologists study past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, settlements, fossils, and artifacts • Show us how people dressed, worded, worshipped, etc. • Apply scientific test such as Radiocarbon dating to analyze fossils and artifacts Famous Archaeological Finds Mary Leakey -1978 Laetoli in Tanzania (East Africa) Pre-Historic footprints of humanlike beings called Australopithecines Donald Johanson -1974 Ethiopia (Africa) “Lucy” is 3.5 million years ago (oldest hominid found to date)

  3. Archeaelogy

  4. Australopithecus-means “Southern Ape” • Australopithecus-means “southern ape” • Lived 4.4 million years ago • First human-like creature • Found in eastern and southern Africa • They were gathers and scavengers • They were nomads, so they moved from place to place

  5. Australopithecus

  6. Hunter/Gatherer Societies • The life of early hunter/gatherer societies was shaped by their physical environment • Survival depended on availability of wild plants and animals

  7. Hunter-gatherer societies during The Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) 2.5 million years ago until 8,000 B.C. (B.C.E) • Nomadic • Migrated in search of food, water, and shelter • Invented the first tools including simple weapons • Learned how to make fire • lived in clans • developed oral language • created “cave art”

  8. Development of Man • Early Man • Homo Habilis • Appeared in east Africa 2.5 million years ago • First hominid to use tools • Homo Erectus • Appeared 1.6 million years ago • First hominid to migrate out of Africa • Used extensive technology • More intelligent, larger brain • Used fire and developed spoken language for the first time

  9. Beringia land bridge: possible migration route

  10. Bering Strait Bering evolution

  11. Homo Habilis

  12. Homo erectus

  13. Development of Man • Modern Man • Homo Sapiens-emerged 100,000 to 400,000 years ago in Europe • Neanderthals • 200,000 to 30,000 years ago • Tried to explain and control their environment • Developed religion, spiritual life very rich as evidenced by funerals • Used technology • Cro-Magnon Man • 40,000 years ago • Identical to modern humans • Studied animals and their habits in order to plan hunts • Had greater control of language which helped them to organize (gave them an edge over Neanderthals and helped them increase their population)

  14. Cave Art: Lascaux Cavein France

  15. Homo sapien-Neanderthal

  16. Homo sapien-Cro-Magnon

  17. The Neolithic Era (New Stone Age)The Neolithic Revolution Who: Clans of Nomadic Peoples What: Also known as the Agricultural Revolution • Developed agriculture (domesticated plants) and domestication of animals • People shifted from hunting-gathering to producing food • Eliminated nomadic tendencies

  18. Can you think of any reasons for this?

  19. When: about 10,000 years ago (8000-3000 B.C.) Why: change in climate was probably a factor. • Rise in temperatures provided a longer growing season • Rich supply of grain helped to support a population boom. • As populations grew, farmers had to find new food sources. Farming provides a steady supply of food.

  20. How: • Slash and burn farming--cut and burned fields of trees or grass; leftover ash fertilized soil; used field for 1-2 years and then moved on • Slowly tamed animals and used them for food and labor (domestication. . . Horses, dogs, goats, pigs, etc.) • Steady food source=settling down of man (created permanent settlements) • used advanced tools • made pottery • developed weaving skills

  21. Where: Other Archeological Sites • Africa—Nile River Valley • China--Huang He River • Catal Huyuk-village showed benefits of a settled life with highly skilled workers (about 6,000 people, varied culture, religious shrines, wall paintings). • Jericho—Fertile Crescent

  22. Stonehenge-England

  23. Stonehenge • Stonehenge • -archaeological site in England that was begun during the Neolithic Age and completed during the Bronze Age (begun around 3000 B.C. when people began to use bronze (copper and tin mix) to make tools and weapons instead of stone or wood)

  24. Catal Huyuk • An example of a Neolithic settlement currently under excavation in Anatolia.

  25. Anatolia

  26. Can you think of any ideal locations to start a village? Places near water. Why?

  27. What are the advantages and disadvantages to living in a village? Advantages Cultural development Food surplus Protection Religion Access to goods Disadvantages Flood Fire Drought Natural disasters disease

  28. What is thenext step in the development ofhuman settlements?? CITIES!!

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