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ISLAMIC BANKING –AN INTRODUCTION

ISLAMIC BANKING –AN INTRODUCTION. Presented by Hajara Pitan 14 th July 2011. Introduction to Islamic banking. Islamic banking is a system of banking or banking activity that is consistent with the principles of Islamic law.

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ISLAMIC BANKING –AN INTRODUCTION

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  1. ISLAMIC BANKING –AN INTRODUCTION Presented by Hajara Pitan 14th July 2011

  2. Introduction to Islamic banking Islamic banking is a system of banking or banking activity that is consistent with the principles of Islamic law. Islamic law prohibits the charge of interest on loans (usury called RIBA in Arabic) .

  3. EVOLUTION IF ISLAMIC BANKING • Considerations: • - Islamic States were governed such that the political head was also the religious head. • - It therefore meant that the well being of members of the community rested with him. • - Thus Islamic banks were to act as financial intermediaries and investment institutions.

  4. SERVICES OFFERED BY ISLAMIC BANKS • Similar services to those of conventional banks • Offer chequeing accounts and clearing mechanisms, bank drafts, bills of exchange, travelers’ cheques. • Also offer various types of customer accounts

  5. Principles of Islamic Banking • Justice, equality and solidarity • Forbidden List (Haram) • Property Rights are key • Fair distribution of wealth • Effort and risk sharing precede gain

  6. ISLAMIC BANKING V. CONVENTIONAL BANKING Key Points • Forbidden Products & Services • Uncertainty of outcome • Banking Procedure • Charge of Interest • Speculation Discouraged

  7. Rules of Islamic Banking • Prohibition of predetermined payment above principal lent • Lender participates in profits or losses of business or use to which money lent was used. • Making money from money- haram • Prohibition of uncertainty, risk or speculation (Gharar in Arabic) • No investment in services or products that are not forbidden or even discouraged by Islam.

  8. Basic Framework: Prohibition of Riba • • Islamic scholars differ on what would amount to Riba or interest • Prohibition of ALL forms of Riba • Interest based transactions pass unjust risks to borrower • •

  9. Objectives of Islamic Banks: •Execution of financial dealings in accordance with principles of Shariah •To support Muslim communities in utilizing and properly allocating financial resources. •To provide an option of financing for Muslims who want to get same in compliance with Shariah

  10. Primary Characteristics of Islamic Banks • Prohibition of Interest • Consumer Lending discouraged • Profit and Loss Shared • Investment in Real Estate encouraged

  11. Savings Account

  12. MODES OF FINANCING

  13. MODES OF FINANCING Investment financing lending other financial facilities Tradefinancing musharaka (joint venture) mudarabha (passive partnership) loans with a service charge Over drafts no cost loan Mark up trade financing leasing Sell and buy back Letters of credit Hire purchase

  14. The structure of a Mudaraba Contract Transfer of title to customer Transfer of title to bank ISLAMIC BANK CUSTOMER VENDOR Payment of purchase price (P) Payment of marked up price (P + X)

  15. Mudarabha • Bank Buys the asset from the Vendor • The customer buys the asset from the bank at a mark-up price • Mark up price + X is payable at agreed interval. • Time between purchase from the bank and agreed interval is period of financing. • The title moves to customer on purchase from the bank but stays in bank’s custody as collateral until agreed payment is made.

  16. The structure of a Musharaka Contract ISLAMIC BANK PARTNER (Customer) 60% Ownership 40% Ownership MUSHARAKA

  17. PART II

  18. THE NIGERIAN MODEL • Section 33 (1) (b) Central Bank of Nigeria Act (CBN) Act 2007 • Sections 23 (1), 52, 55 (2), 59 (1) (a) and 61 of the Banks and Other Financial Institutions Act 1991 (as amended) provides for: • Commercial banks • Merchant banks • Specialised banks • Non-interest banks • Microfinance banks • Development banks • Mortgage banks

  19. CENTRAL BANK OF NIGERIA GUIDELINES ON ISLAMIC BANKING • Guidelines for the Regulation and Supervision of Non-Interest Financial Institutions released 13th January 2011 • Amended 21st June 2011 • Thrust of the amendment is that non-interest banking is not limited to Islamic Banking. • divided into the provision of financial products and services based on: • 1. principles of Islamic Commercial jurisprudence • 2. any other established rules and principles

  20. CBN’S OVERSIGHT FUNCTIONS • The CBN in order to exercise its oversight functions is to have in place an advisory council of experts. • The advisory Council of experts to charged with the responsibility of: • ensuring that the financial products offered by the Islamic Banks meet the minimum requirements of Islamic Commercial jurisprudence. • Advising the CBN on the appropriateness of the relevant financial products to be offered by such institutions.

  21. CBN’S OVERSIGHT FUNCTIONS • PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION: on any grounds in the participation of any institution or person as promoters, depositors, or other party. ? • The CBN is to issue further directives on corporate governance, product compliance, risk management, capital adequacy and operations, based on principles of Islamic Commercial jurisprudence.

  22. CBN’S NEW BANKING MODEL CBN COMMERCIAL BANKS SPECIALISED BANKS MERCHANT BANKS NON-INTEREST FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS MICROFINANCE BANKS, DEV. BANKS, MORT. INSTITUTIONS OTHER NIFIs ISLAMIC FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

  23. NON-PERMISSIBLE TRANSACTIONS • Non-permissible transactions for IIFS are transactions relating to: • Gambling • Speculation • Unjust enrichment • Exploitation/unfair trade practices • Dealings in pork, alcohol, arms & ammunition, pornography • Products, goods or services which are not compliant with the rules of Islamic commercial jurisprudence; and • Transactions which are uncertain or ambiguous relating to the subject matter, terms and conditions

  24. TYPES OF INSTITUTIONS OFFERING ISLAMIC FINANCIAL SERVICES (IIFS) • Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services are not to have the word “Islamic” in their names except with the consent of the Governor of the CBN. • They shall be referred to IIFS on all signage, adverts and promotional materials to facilitate recognition by the general public.

  25. TYPES OF INSTITUTIONS OFFERING ISLAMIC FINANCIAL SERVICES (IIFS) • IIFS may be: • 1. full fledged Islamic banks or full fledged Islamic banking subsidiary of a conventional bank • Full-fledged Islamic merchant or full fledged Islamic Banking subsidiary of a conventional merchant bank • A development bank offering Islamic Financial Services • A primary mortgage institution licensed by the CBN to offer Islamic Financial Services…

  26. LICENSING REQUIREMENTS • Technical Agreement executed by the promoters of the proposed institution with an established and reputable Islamic Bank or financial institution. • Technical Agreement must • specify the role of the parties • must be for a minimum period of 3 years from the date of commencement of operations.

  27. LICENSING REQUIREMENTS • Terms of license may allow regional or national operation • Regional: must have a presence in at least 6 and maximum of 12 contiguous states of the Federation lying within not more than 2 geo-political zones • National: all the states of the Federation including the Federal Capital Territory

  28. PRUDENTIAL REQUIREMENTS • Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR): All IIFS shall maintain a minimum capital adequacy ratio as may be prescribed by the CBN • The minimum capital adequacy ratio shall be consistent with the minimum CAR for conventional banks

  29. PRUDENTIAL REQUIREMENTS • Liquidity Management: they must have appropriate policies, strategies and procedures which ensure that they maintain adequate liquidity to fund their operations at all times • They shall not invest their funds in interest bearing securities or activities

  30. PRUDENTIAL REQUIREMENTS • IIFS are expected to comply with other prudential requirements on exposure and concentration limits as may be prescribed by the CBN • They are also to comply with standards of best practices issued by the CBN

  31. ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING AND COMBATING OF THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM (AML/CFT) • All IIFS are required to screen shareholders, customers, counterparties, transactions, products and activities against the proceeds of crime, corruption and terrorist financing, using legal and moral filters.

  32. ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING AND COMBATING OF THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM (AML/CFT) • They must all have effective AML/CFT policies and procedures and comply with relevant guidelines and statutes for combating money laundering and terrorist financing.

  33. CONCLUSION • The controversy rages on • Islamic banking has been said to aid the development of poor economies • The Nigerian framework under which Islamic banks are to operate is still unfolding • Babalakin & Co. is uniquely positioned to capture the niche market which this new regime offers

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