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Metode Pengumpulan Data dan Analisis Kualitas Air

Metode Pengumpulan Data dan Analisis Kualitas Air. Oleh Eko Sugiharto Koordinator Penelitian PSLH UGM. Mengapa Perlu ?. Lima alasan utama keperluan pemantauan: mengetahui karakter air dan identifikasi kualitas air dari waktu ke waktu; mengidentifikasi problem spesifik air (bila ada);

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Metode Pengumpulan Data dan Analisis Kualitas Air

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  1. Metode Pengumpulan Data dan Analisis Kualitas Air Oleh Eko Sugiharto Koordinator Penelitian PSLH UGM

  2. Mengapa Perlu ? • Lima alasan utama keperluan pemantauan: • mengetahui karakter air dan identifikasi kualitas air dari waktu ke waktu; • mengidentifikasi problem spesifik air (bila ada); • memberikan informasi terjadinya pencemaran • mengevaluasi ketaatan terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan • mengevaluasi effisiensi pengelolaan air yang telah dilakukan (RKL-RPL , UKL-UPL)

  3. STRATEGI PENENTUANLOKASI PENGAMBILAN • Tergantung pada: • Jenis perairan • Tujuan Pemantauan • Ketelitian yang diinginkan • Karakter parameter yang dipantau

  4. JENIS PENGAMBILANSAMPEL • Grab • Composite • Integrated • Continous

  5. IDENTITAS SAMPEL • Data Minimal yang diperlukan untuk identitas sampel: • Nomor / Kode sampel • Tanggal dan Jam Pengambilan • Lokasi • Cuaca saat pengambilan • Suhu air, suhu udara • Nama pengambil sampel • Bahan yang ditambahkan (bila ada)

  6. IDENTITAS SAMPEL • For each visit to an individual station where field and/or samples are collected record the following: • Station ID • Sampling Date • Location • Sampling Depth (if other than surface) • Sampling Time • Sample Collector's Initials (if several persons in the region collect this data) • Record of all measured field parameters and their respective values.

  7. In-situ Measurement • Temperature (0C) • pH • Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) • Conductivity (mhos/cm , mS/cm) • Salinity (ppt) • Chlorine Residual (mg/L) • Secchi Disc Transparency (meters) • Significant Precipitation • Flow (ft3/s) • Turbidity (NTU , JTU)

  8. pH A scale that denotes how acidic or basic a substance is. Pure water has a pH of 7.0 and is neither acidic nor basic.

  9. PARAMETER PENCEMAR UTAMA • B O D • C O D • T S S • TSS • Turbiditas • Minyak • Radio aktif • Mikro organisme

  10. Mikro organisme What is E. coli and where does it come from? E. coli is a type of fecal coliform bacteria commonly found in the intestines of animals and humans.  E. coli is short for Escherichia coli.  The presence of E. coli in water is a strong indication of recent sewage or animal waste contamination. Sewage may contain many types of disease-causing organisms.

  11. REAKSI BOD The Reaction Expression - Which can be expressed analytically as:  CnHaObNc + (n + a/4 - b/2 - 3c/4) O2  ---->  n CO2 + (a/2 -3c/2) H2O + cNH3

  12. BOD520

  13. Biochemical Oxygen Demand • Referred to as a “standardized laboratory procedure used to determine the relative oxygen requirements of wastewaters, effluents and polluted water” - Standard Methods (1998) • widest application in management of waste loadings to sewage treatment facilities • measures the molecular oxygen utilized during a specific incubation period for the biochemical degradation of organic material and oxygen used to oxidize reduced forms of nitrogen (nitrogenous demand) • works best at pH 6.5 - 7.5 (mariculture????)

  14. BOD • Bacteria and other microorganisms use organic substances for food • as they metabolize organic material, the consume oxygen • organics are broken down into simpler compounds such as CO2 and H2O • energy released is used for growth and reproduction

  15. BOD • When this process occurs in water, the oxygen consumed is dissolved oxygen • if oxygen is not continuously replaced, the D.O. level will decrease as the organics are decomposed by microbes • rate of decline approximates 0.20 mg O2/L/hr (Boyd, 1990) in ponds • the need for oxygen is referred to as “biochemical oxygen demand” • not: “biological oxygen demand”

  16. BOD • Organic waste in sewage is is one of the major types of water pollutants • impractical to isolate and identify each specific organic chemical and determine its concentration • BOD is an indirect measure of the total amount of biodegradable organics in the water • more organics = more BOD exerted

  17. BOD • Complete decomposition of organic material by microorganisms takes time: (approx. 20 days under normal conditions) • the total amount of oxygen required to “stabilize” all biodegradable organic compounds is the UBOD or BODL • amount expressed in mg/L of oxygen • levels sometimes in excess of 1,500 mg/L • normal sewage levels = 200 mg/L

  18. PENGUKURAN BOD • 5 days a 20oC • 300 mL glass BOD bottles • two D.O. readings: initial and after 5 days’ incubation in dark at 20oC • BOD = D.O.Day 0 - D.O.5days • very clean waters = BOD5 of 1.0 mg/L • sewage level = BOD5 greater than 10 mg/L

  19. COD • This refers to chemicals present in the water that are not biodegradable by microbes or are at least slowly degraded • measures all organics, including the biodegradable (BOD) fraction) • it is the amount of a specific oxidant (potassium dichromate) that reacts with the sample under controlled conditions • So? Chemical not biological reaction

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