Wojciech Tomaszewski European University Institute Florence, Italy wojciech.tomaszewski@iue.it

1. Multidimensional Poverty and Social Exclusion in Western Europe.Evidence from the European Community Household Panel Wojciech Tomaszewski European University Institute Florence, Italy wojciech.tomaszewski@iue.it

2. Research questions • What are the differences between the ways in which various forms of multidimensional poverty affect social behaviour of the individual? • Are there differences between countries in the patterns of this influence?

3. Three dimensions of poverty • Income • Basic necessities (keeping home warm; paying for a week annual holiday; replacing any worn-out furniture; buying new, rather than second-hand, clothes; eating meat, chicken or fish every second day; having friends or family for drink or meal at least once a month; being in arrears) • Consumer durables (possession of a car; a colour TV; a video recorder; a micro wave; a dishwasher; a telephone; a home computer)

4. 8 possible poverty profiles • (1,1,1) – income & necessities & durables poor • (1,1,0) – income & necessities poor • (1,0,1) – income & durables poor • (1,0,0) – only income poor • (0,1,1) – necessities & durables poor • (0,1,0) – only necessities poor • (0,0,1) – only durables poor • (0,0,0) – non-poor

5. Three dimensions of social deprivation • Social participation (membership in a clubs/organizations) • Relations with other people (whether a person meets friends/relatives or talks to neighbours at least once a week) • Satisfaction with life – (satisfaction with work or main activity, financial situation, housing situation, amount of leisure time)

6. Hypotheses • Hypothesis 1: All forms of multidimensional poverty have a negative effect on social deprivation. • Hypothesis 2: The strength of this (negative) effect is different for different dimensions of poverty (and their different combinations). • Hypothesis 3: The patterns the observed effects of poverty on social deprivation are different in different countries. • Hypothesis 4: The patterns of the observed effects are different for different dimensions of social deprivation.

7. Summary model

8. Data • 7th wave of the European Community Household Panel (2001 year) • Countries included: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom

9. Models • For each country separately: Y(n)=Poverty Profile + Controlsi • For all countries together: Y(n)= Poverty Profile + Country +Controls+ + PovProf*Country+ PovProf*Controls • Multilevel (all countries together): Yijk(n)=PovProfij+ HH Controlsijk+ Indiv Controlsijk

10. Control variables Individual level: • Age and age squared • Sex • Education (3 categories) • Marital status (5 categories) • Health status • Main activity status (13 categories) • Migration Household level: • All the above variables for the household reference person • household type (6 categories) • household size

11. Results • All the poverty profiles have a negative effect on (all dimension of) social deprivation (table 1) • The magnitude of the effects differs significantly between profiles (table 2) • The pattern of influence is different for different dimensions of social deprivation (table 2) • There is a significant variation of the effect size across the countries (table 3)

12. What’s next • Robustness checks (different waves and alternative operationalisation of dimensions) • Multilevel: explaining the cross-country differences by country-level characteristics • Longitudinal analysis: how duration of being in a particular state (profile) affects social deprivation • Longitudinal analysis: how changes of the profile affects social deprivation

13. Thank You!