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Introduction to Image-Based Rendering. Lining Yang yangl1@ornl.gov A part of this set of slides reference slides used at Standford by Prof. Pat Hanrahan and Philipp Slusallek. References:.
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Introduction to Image-Based Rendering Lining Yang yangl1@ornl.gov A part of this set of slides reference slides used at Standford by Prof. Pat Hanrahan and Philipp Slusallek.
References: • S. E. Chen, “QuickTime VR – An Image-Based Approach to Virtual Environment Navigation,” Proc. SIGGRAPH ’95, pp. 29-38, 1995 • S. Gortler, R. Grzeszczuk, R. Szeliski, and M. Cohen, “The Lumigraph,” Proc SIGGRAPH ’96, pp. 43-54, 1996 • M. Levoy and P. Hanrahan, “Light Field Rendering,” Proc. SIGGRAPH ’96, 1996. • L. McMillan and G. Bishop, “Plenoptic Modeling: An Image-Based Rendering System,” Proc. SIGGRAPH ’95, pp. 39-46, 1995 • J. Shade, S. Gortler, Li-Wei He, and R. Szeliski, “Layered Depth Images,” Proc. SIGGRAPH ’98, pp 231-242, 1998 • Heung-Yeung Shum, Li-Wei He, “Rendering With Concentric Mosaics,” Proc. SIGGRAPH ’99, pp. 299-306, 1999
Problem Description • Complex Rendering of Synthetic Scene takes too long to finish • Interactivity is impossible • Interactive visualization of extremely large scientific data is also not possible • Image-Based Rendering (IBR) is used to accelerate the renderings.
Examples of Complex Rendering Povray quaterly competition site March – June, 2001
Examples of Large Dataset LLNL ASCI Quantum molecular simulation site
Image-Based Rendering (IBR) • The models for conventional polygon-based graphics have become too complex. • IBR represents complex 3D environments using a set of images from different (pre-defined) viewpoints • It produces images for new views using these finite initial images and additional information, such as depth. • The computation complexity is bounded by the image resolution, instead of the scene complexity.
Image-Based Rendering (IBR) Mark Levoy’s 1997 Siggraph talk
Overview of IBR Systems • Plenoptic Function • QuicktimeVR • Light fields/lumigraph • Concentric Mosaics • Plenoptic Modeling and Layered Depth Image
Plenoptic Function • Plenoptic function (7D) depicts light rays passing through: • center of camera at any location (x,y,z) • at any viewing angle ( , ) • for every wavelength ( ) • for any time ( t )
Limiting Dimensions of Plenoptic Functions • Plenoptic modeling (5D) : ignore time & wavelength • Lumigraph/Lightfield (4D) : constrain the scene (or the camera view) to a bounding box • 2D Panorama : fix viewpoint, allow only the viewing direction and camera zoom to be changed
Limiting Dimensions of Plenoptic Functions • Concentric mosaics (3D) : index all input image rays in 3 parameters: radius, rotation angle and vertical elevation
Quicktime VR • Using environmental maps • Cylindrical • Cubic • spherical • At a fixed point, sample all the ray directions. • Users can look in both horizontal and vertical directions
Creating a Cylindrical Panorama From www.quicktimevr.apple.com
Commercial Products • QuickTime VR, LivePicture, IBM (Panoramix) • VideoBrush • IPIX (PhotoBubbles), Be Here, etc.
Panoramic Cameras • Rotating Cameras • Kodak Cirkut • Globuscope • Stationary Cameras • Be Here
Quicktime VR • Advantages: • Using environmental map • Easy and efficient • Disadvantages: • Cannot move away from the current viewpoint • No Motion Parallax
Light Field and Lumigraph • Take advantage of empty space to • Reduce Plenoptic Function to 4D • Object or viewpoint inside a convex hull • Radiance does not change along a line unless blocked
Lightfield Parameterization • Parameterize the radiance lines by the intersections with two planes. • A light Slab t L(u,v,s,t) v s u
Two Plane Parametrization Object Focal plane (st) Camera plane (uv)
Reconstruction • (u, v) and (s, t) can be calculated by determining the intersection of image ray with the two planes • This can also be done via texture mapping • (x, y) to (u, v) or (s, t) is a projective mapping
Capturing Lightfields • Need a 2D set of (2D) images • Choices: • Camera motion: human vs. computer • Constraints on camera motion: planar vs. spherical • Easier to construct • Coverage and sampling uniformity
Light field gantry • Applications: • digitizing light fields • measuring BRDFs • range scanning • Designed by • Marc Levoy et al.
Light Field • Key Ideas: • 4D function - Valid outside convex hull • 2D slice = image - Insert to create - Extract to display
Lightfields • Advantages: • Simpler computation vs. traditional CG • Cost independent of scene complexity • Cost independent of material properties and other optical effects • Disadvantages: • Static geometry • Fixed lighting • High storage cost
Concentric Mosaics • Concentric mosaics : easy to capture, small in storage size
Concentric Mosaics • A set of manifold mosaics constructed from slit images taken by cameras rotating on concentric circles
Construction of Concentric Mosaics • Synthetic scenes • uniform angular direction sampling • square root sampling in radial direction
Construction of Concentric Mosaics (2) • Real scenes Bulky, costly Cheaper, easier
Construction of Concentric Mosaics (3) • Problems with single camera: • Limited horizontal fov • Non-uniform spatial horizontal resolution • Video sequence can be compressed with VQ and entropy encoding (25X) • Compressed stream gives 20fps on PII300
Image Warping • McMillan’s 5D plenoptic modeling system • Render or capture reference views • Creating Novel Views • Using reference views’ color and depth information with the warping equation • For opaque scenes, the location or depth of the point reflecting the color is usually determined. • Calculated using vision techniques for real imagery.
Image Warping (filling holes) • Dis-occlusion problem: Previously occluded objects in the reference view can be visible in the new view • Fill in holes from other viewpoints or images (Mark William et al).
Layered Depth Images • Different primitives according to depth values • Image • Image with depth • LDI • polygons
Layered Depth Images • Idea: • Handle disocclusion • Store invisible geometry in depth images
Layered Depth Image • Data structure: • Per pixel list of depth samples • Per depth sample: • RGBA • Z • Encoded: Normal direction, distance
Layered Depth Images • Computation: • Implicit ordering information • LDI is broken into four regions according to epipolar point • Incremental warping computation • Start + xincr (back to front order) • Splat size computation • Table lookup