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The Schools

The Schools. Chapter 14. The Schools As Agents of Society & Culture. The Functions of Education. Type S and Type F Systems. Type S (Static) Organizations Type F (Functional) Organizations. Type S Systems (Organizations). Static (Status Quo) Controlled by Avoidance (Neg. Reinf.)

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The Schools

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  1. The Schools Chapter 14

  2. The Schools As Agents of Society & Culture • The Functions of Education

  3. Type S and Type F Systems • Type S (Static) Organizations • Type F (Functional) Organizations

  4. Type S Systems (Organizations) • Static (Status Quo) • Controlled by Avoidance (Neg. Reinf.) • Select for status quo (No change) • Invented Wisdom of Experts • Bureaucratic Structure

  5. Type F Systems (Organizations) • Functional • Discovered Knowledge • Cost/Benefits Contingencies • Variability & Change

  6. What Type of Systems are Schools? Project Follow Through • Planned variation experiment costing billions • Measures • Basic Skills (reading, spelling, lang., math) • Cognitive/conceptual • Affective • What worked? Direct Instruction • What was funded? Failure! • Why? • “Developmentalism” and Behavior Analysis

  7. Teaching as Applied Developmental Psychology • Learning and teaching • Structural Approach • Functional Approach • Developments 2 Questions • What? = Curriculum • How? = Methods

  8. Teaching as Applied Developmental Psychology • The Developmental Questions: “How?” and “What?” • Worldviews and the Curriculum • Who Determines Curriculum? • What Makes for Effective Teaching

  9. Effective Teaching and the Four-Term Contingency 1. Antecedents or “Cues” (Sds) 2. Active Responding or “Engagement” 3. Consequences - Reinforcement & Corrective Feedback 4. Setting Events

  10. Sds • Advance Organizers (Objectives) • Adjunct Questions • Goal Setting • Learning Hierarchies • Pretests

  11. Active Responding • Frequent Testing • Questioning • Choral Responding • Response Cards • Guided notes (Framed Outlines)

  12. Consequences: Reinforcement and Corrective Feedback • Praise • Effective Correction Procedures (Englemann & Carnine)

  13. The Fourth Term: Setting Events or Establishing Operations • Physical Setting - including technology • Physiological Conditions (Child health, nutrition) • Encouraging Environments

  14. Learn Units • 4 -term contingency units

  15. Measure Teacher Effectiveness • 3C/ROD • close • continual • contact • with the Relevant Outcome Data

  16. The Keller Method (PSI) • Sds • Objectives • Active Responding • Objectives • Active Discussion with partner • Friday Quiz • Consequences • Positive Reinforcement & Corrective Feedback • Setting Events?

  17. Skinner on Teaching • Be clear about what is to be taught • By specifying the problem you are specifying the solution. • Teach first things first • Stop making students advance at the same time • Program the subject matter

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