Using Sources:

1. Using Sources: SUMMARIZING, PARAPHRASING AND THE LIKE

2. Plagiarism • “the unauthorized or misleading use of the language or thoughts of another author” (emphasis added).

3. Common Knowledge • Stuff “known or accepted by educated people” • Encyclopedias, popular media • Did not pick up in a specific place • Verified. Though only cited if quoted,etc. • Better to document more than less

4. When to document • Direct quotation—includes stats, numbers • Paraphrases • summaries • If you got the knowledge/idea somewhere specific, you MUST document

5. Unintentional Plagiarism • Accidentally using phrases/words • Usually copied down verbatim instead of in your words • Even if you give credit for the source while paraphrasing, you must be careful with your wording.

6. Intentional Plagiarism • Knowingly copying another’s words or ideas. • Do NOT forget quotation marks, even for a couple of words

7. Paraphrasing • Place the information in a new order see the example HERE

8. Paraphrasing 2. BREAK THE COMPLEX IDEAS INTO SMALL UNITS: • ORIGINAL The “perfect” search engine would guide users to every relevant location ranked in order of usefulness, without leaving anything out and without including anything irrelevant. That engine doesn’t yet exist. • GOOD PARAPHRASE Schwartz states that no Internet search tool is yet “perfect.” If it were, it would lead you to all the appropriate locations on your topic. It would rank all the Web sites by how useful they were. It would never leave something out that was relevant. It would never include anything that was irrelevant (29).

9. Paraphrasing • 3. USE CONCRETE, SIMPLE VOCABULARY IN PLACE OF TECHNICAL JARGON: Newsgroup= online bulletin board Search engine= Internet search tool Users= those who are using the Internet Location= Web site found at a unique Internet address

10. Paraphrasing • 4. USE SYNONYMS FOR WORDS IN THE SOURCE: Illness= medical problem Exchange views=talk with others Medical topics=medical subject Available to = open to Despite = in spite of News items = news reports

11. Paraphrasing • 5. For each important fact or idea in your notes, write down the source page

12. Integrating Paraphrases • Introduce speak with “signal phrase” and provide context • Author’s name (LAST NAME) • Title • Other info (when first introduced) • Also provide documentation

13. Example introduction • According to an article published at the World Wildlife Fund Web site, we already possess effective and inexpensive technologies to solve the global warming crisis. When consumers use less power, there is a corresponding reduction in air pollution. Furthermore….

14. Summarizing • Condense information • Reflects the author's most important ideas • Leave out extended examples, explanations • RECORD THE GIST OF THE INFORMATION • Primary argument • USE YOUR OWN WORDS

15. Summarizing • Identify key points • Identify main supporting factors • Identify key words and phrases (DO NOT USE THEM AS YOUR OWN) • Remove the superfluous

16. Summaries: a few techniques • Record information • Two-column notebook: with the information on one site and your comments on the other • Create Lists and Tables • Reduce ideas to their simplest form • Take note of article headings • Check for accuracy

17. Summaries • GOOD SUMMARY: (WWF article) The World Wildlife Fund Web site outlines easy-to-implement solutions to the global warming problem. They suggest changes in both individual energy use and global energy policies as ways to tackle the problem. Changing energy policies will also reduce health problems related to pollution and acid rain (World Wildlife Fund).

18. Integrating Summaries • Just like direct quotes and paraphrases, use signal words/phrases to introduce the source. • Provide documentation

19. Avoiding plagiarism • Click Here for an example

20. Now you try • Summarize the article I give you

21. Direct Quotations • When to use? • When the original phrasing is key or memorable • How often? • Depends. • Chair analogy

22. Integrating Direct Quotes • Again, use “signal” words/phrases • Quick game: • Signal words/phrases

23. Signal words/phrases • Acknowledges • Advises • Advocates • Affirms • Agrees • Alleges • Allows • Answers • Asserts • Avows • Believes • Charges • Claims • Concludes • Concurs • Confirms • Contends • Criticizes • Declares • Denies • Describes • Disagrees • Discusses • Disputes • Emphasizes • Expresses • Interprets • Lists • Objects • Observes • Offers • Opposes • Recommends • Remarks • Replies • Reports • Responds • Reveals • Says • States • Suggests • Thinks • Writes

24. Be grammatical about it • POOR: Carnegie Mellow researchers study climate “Scientists disagree about whether climate change will be a serious problem in the next 50-100 years” (Morgan and Smutz) • GOOD: Researchers at Carnegie Mellon University claim, “Scientists disagree about whether climate change will be a serious problem in the next 50-100 years” (Morgan and Smutz)

25. Example • Rivers provides an insightful revelation about gender roles: “He distrusts the implication that nurturing, even when done by a man, remains feminine” (Barker 107) • “Stable introverts,” another study found, “are the highest academic performers” (Furnham and Medhurts 197) • “Extroverts prefer locations where socializing opportunities abound,” reports Campbell and Hawley(141).

26. Interpreting and explaining • Again, the point of the essay is what you have to say. • Use sources like salt/pepper…a seasoning, not the main dish. • THIS MEANS THAT YOU MUST INTEGRATE AND USE THE SOURCE WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF YOUR IDEAS.

27. Interpreting and Explaining • You cannot assume that a quotation can stand on its own. You MUST not only explain it to your reader, you must explain how it relates to your ideas.

28. Example • Goleman et al confirmsthat it is only when groups exhibit the qualities of emotional intelligence that they can be perceived as smarter than individuals. The authors assert “Everyone in the group contributes to the overall level of emotional intelligence but the leader holds special sway in this regard” ((174)

29. A few more things • Long Quotes/Block quotes • Four or more lines • Indentented on the left ½ inch • Still double-spaced • Introduced with a colon • No quotation marks • Cited at the end

30. Example…long quote • Aronson describes the isolation that is commonly felt by those caring for patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease: As the chronic illness develops and the physical and behavior signs of the patient become more pronounced, the caregiver senses his or her isolation even more intensely. Friends and relatives may socialize less frequently. Telephone calls visits may become few and far between, and the physical and emotional burdens of caring for the patient increase. (167) The author goes on….

31. Omissions and Changes • Use ellipses inside a bracket to show omission • “Sometimes it is necessary to change […] or omit some superfluous information” (Paxton) • “When [Dr. Minor’s] sons said they wanted to be doctors” (32) • “Insurance companies insinuate[d] themselves into” (33) • “[D]octors and hospitals” (32)

32. Quote within a quote • Sometimes the source has really good quotes in it…how do you quote your source’s sources? • Go to the bibliography and find the other source • Quote within a quote: “The research, however, disagrees with Dr. Stetson, who claims that ‘Thirty percent of teenagers don’t get enough sleep’” (Paxton 32). • “Thirty percent of teenagers don’t get enough sleep” (qtd. in Paxton 32).

33. Effective Quoting • Use direct quotations sparingly as support for your own ideas • Use primarily short quotes • Be extremely careful when copying quotations • Give credit to the sources • Integrate quotations smoothly (grammar and style) • Interpret/discuss all quotes (provide context) • Use the author’s last name or the title to introduce the quote • Use ellipses/brackets to omit/add to quotes • Provide proper documentation

34. My source: • Hult, Christine A and Thomas N. Huckin. The New Century Handbook. New York: Pearson Longman, 2008. Print. • Please assume that I quoted, directly, everything. Yes, some words are mine, but 95% is from the book.