Body Systems: Nervous and Sensory Systems

1. Body Systems: Nervous and Sensory Systems • Sean Cody and Tayler Culhane

2. Sensory and Nervous systemsWhat are they? • Nervous system- controls all conscious and unconscious action by way of the Brain and the Neurons • It is comprised wholly of 2 major systems: the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • The CNS consists of the Brain (encephal/o meaning “entire brain”), the Spinal Cord (myel/o meaning bone marrow or spinal cord), and the Cranial Nerves (crani/o neur/o meaning skull nerves)

3. The CNS (Brain)

4. What are they? Contd. • The second major system, the PNS, consists of the Spinal Nerves (myel/o neur/o meaning spinal nerves) and their neurons and conduction tissue,which make up the Nervous System

5. What are they? The Sensory System • The senses detect stimuli from the external and internal environment. The eyes respond to these stimuli by sending nerve impulses along sensory neurons that lead to the brain. The ears are involved with both hearing and balance. The eyes (ocul/o, opthalm/o, opt/o, opia all meaning eye), and the ears ( ot/o meaning ear), the nose (nas/o meaning nose), the tongue (lingua meaning tongue), and the hands (manus meaning hand), make up the sense organs.

6. Functions of the Systems • Nervous System • Nervous/Spinal tissue- carries electrical impulses through the spinal cord, the cerebrum, as well as other parts of the body to cause (in)voluntary actions • Brain/Spinal Cord- controls and regulates other organs and organ systems by sending electrical messages through the specialized tissue (above) • Neurons- responsible for generating the electrical impulses that the Brain and Spinal Cord regulate, are found in the Brain and Spinal Column • Platelets (also found through Sensory System/regulated through the blood stream)- are small regular shaped cell fragments which are derived from fragmentation of precursor megakaryotes

7. Functions contd. • Sensory System • Taste buds- small structures located on the upper surface of the tongue, which allow the chemicals/flavors in food to be processed • Eyes- receives light and sensory impulses through the cornea, through the pupil, to the retina, the image is then reflected off • Tongue- a fleshy, movable organ attached to the floor of the mouth , allowing for taste, and aiding in chewing and swallowing, by forcing food to the back of the esophagus, also allows for human speech • Nose- the part of the human face at the forward part of the head containing the nostrils and organs of smell, forming the beginning of the respiratory tract

8. Functions contd. • Ears- fleshy structures attached above the jaw line in humans, aid in the intake of sound through the ear canal, ending at the ear drum, allowing sound to reverberate off the anvil and stirrup bones to the auditory nerve in the the brain • Hands/Fingers- extensions of bone and tendon off the end of the wrist that aid in the retrieval of objects, and are capable of feeling the textures of those objects through nerves in the pads of the fingers • Red blood cells (also found in Nervous System, regulated through the blood stream)- principal means of delivering oxygen to the body, via blood flow

9. Systems disorders • Neurological • Alzheimer’s disease- a progressive, degenerative disease that occurs in the brain, and results in impaired memory, thought process, and behavior, caused by plaque buildup, while there is no permenant treatment, antipsychotic drugs like Tetrabenazine can control bouts of memory loss and psychosis • Parkinson’s disease- a slowly progressing, degenerative disease that is usually associated with the mutations of the genes alpha-synuclein (SNCA), ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), parkin (PRKN), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2 or dardarin), PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), DJ-1 and ATP13A2., causes loss of motor skills and cognitive abilities, it is most commonly treated with Levodopa, which replaces the lacking dopamine, and reduces the spastic movements, it has been commonly used for 30 years • Amytophic Lateral Sclerosis- A terminal neurological disorder characterized by progressive generation of motor cells in the Spine and Brain. It has no known cause as it occurs in 95% of patients without a family history. It eventually causes patients to lose control of their muscles and body systems, but not their mind. It can be slowed with the drug Riluzole, which reduces the damage to neurons

11. Disorders contd. • Sensory • Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD)- a complex disorder of the brain that affects developing children. Children with SPD suffer from impaired self-esteem, anxiety, depression, or agression that affect social participation, as a result of their inability to deal with the stimuli they take in (i.e. a bright light causes a spastic tantrum), generally caused by the brain’s misinterpretation of stimuli (part neurological, part sensory), cannot be treated, but kept under control with hyperactivity and sensitivity drugs like those for ADHD • (Corrective) Lens Disorder- lens of the eye focuses light directed from the pupil onto the retina where the nerves carry the images to the brain, the lens then changes shape depending upon the distance to the image, distorting how the image is received, (fuzzy, blurry, etc), generally caused by age, and can be treated with corrective laser surgery or relieved with glasses or contacts • Meniere’s Disease- caused by a buildup of fluid in the inner ear, similar to an ear infection, which can cause dizziness, migraine, tinnitus, and vertigo, and if left untreated can lead to severe pain, it can usually be managed with allergy drugs like antihistamines, or perhaps surgery to remove the fluid if it is too severe • , 11

12. Meniere’s Disease Internal Ear Diagram SPD Diagram

13. Medical Terminology • Nervous System Terms • Word root-Medical term-Definition • cerebell(o) (little brain) - Cerebellum- posterior section of the brain • cerebr(o) (large part of brain)- Cerebrum- largest section of the brain • cervic(o) (neck/cervix) - Cervical- pertaining to the neck • crani(o)(skull) - Craniomalacia- abnormal softness in the bones of the skull (occurs in infants before the skull has fully developed) • mening(o) (meninges/membrane) - Meningitis- inflammation of the meninges ( a tri-layer of mebrane and cerebrospinal fluid protecting/enveloping the CNS) 13

14. Medical Terminology contd. • Sensory System Terms • audi(o) (hearing)- Audiometer- instrument used to measure hearing levels • conjunctiv(o) (to join together)- Conjunctivitis- inflammation of the conjunctiva (mucus membrane that covers the sclera, white part of eye) • esthesi(o) (sensation)- Anesthesia- (directly defined as “without sensation), a medical procedure used to render patients unconscious • myring(o) (eardrum)- Myringotomy- incision into the eardrum to relieve pressure from fluid buildup • ocul(o) (eye)- Intraocular- pertaining to the inside of the eye • oto(o) (ear)- Otoscopy- visual examination of the ear • retin(o) (retina)- Retinitis- inflammation of the retina 14

15. Medical Abbrev. • Nervous System (Non-Latin) • CNS- Central Nervous System • PNS- Peripheral Nervous System • BBB- Blood Brain Barrier • BI- Brain Injury • CN I-XII- Cranial Nerves 1-12 • N- Nerve or Neuron • SP- Spinal Palsy • SF- Spinal Fluid 15

16. Medical Abbrev. contd. • Sensory System • o.d. (occulus dextra)- Right Eye • o.s. (occulus sinstra)- Left Eye • o.u. (occulus uranique)- Each Eye • o.c.- Eye Ointment • a.d. (auris dextra) - Right Ear • a.s. (auris sinstra)- Left Ear • a.u. (auris uranique)- Both Ears • p.o. (per os)- By Mouth • naste.- Nasal 16

17. Medical procedure video • Enjoy! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UUeiDQHHBkY&feature=related 17