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In the US, transportation represents 2/3 of our oil consumption :

In the US, transportation represents 2/3 of our oil consumption :. Breakdown of US oil usage by sector, 1949 and 2005. Source: Figure 5.13a of EIA Annual Energy Review 2005. Breakdown of 2000 California carbon emissions by purpose. Source: California Energy Commission.

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In the US, transportation represents 2/3 of our oil consumption :

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  1. In the US, transportation represents 2/3 of our oil consumption: • Breakdown of US oil usage by sector, 1949 and 2005. Source: Figure 5.13a of EIA Annual Energy Review 2005.

  2. Breakdown of 2000 California carbon emissions by purpose. Source: California Energy Commission.

  3. The reason of drive • Breakdown of 2001 household vehicle miles traveled in the United States by purpose. Source: Table 6 of Summary of Travel Trends: 2001 National Household Travel Survey.

  4. The behavior of LA commuters

  5. LA DC

  6. The Action of LA to reduce CO2 through transportation EX 1 AB1058 LA supported the first bill that restrict CO2 emissions from automobile tailpipes (AB 1058) in the US. AB1058 was approved by the California State Assembly in 2002. AB1058 is good for reducing air pollution and global warming. Detail info: http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/feb2002/2002-02-01-06.asp EX 1 AB1058 LA supported the first bill that restrict CO2 emissions from automobile tailpipes (AB 1058) in the US. AB1058 was approved by the California State Assembly in 2002. AB1058 is good for reducing air pollution and global warming. Detail info: http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/feb2002/2002-02-01-06.asp

  7. EX3 Establish a Low Carbon Fuel Standard (“LCFS”) • LCFS is established by the executive order in 2007. This directs the Secretary for Environmental Protection to coordinate the actions of the California Energy Commission, the California Air Resources Board (ARB), the University of California and other agencies to develop the protocols for measuring the "life-cycle carbon intensity" of transportation fuels. This analysis will become part of the State Implementation Plan for alternative fuels as required by AB 1007 (Pavley, Chapter 371, Statutes of 2005) It is expected that the regulatory process at ARB to implement the new standard will be completed no later than December 2008. • You can see speech here --- http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?/executive-order/5172/ • http://www.energy.ca.gov/low_carbon_fuel_standard/#uc

  8. Current Projects which encourage reducing total number of usage of personal vehicles • Construction of public transportation • New Metro Vanpool Program • Construction of High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes • Increased Bike Road and Storage

  9. Construction of Public Transportation System • EX 1 Metro

  10. Metro Line • Now http://www.metro.net/riding_metro/maps/rail_map.pdf • Future http://www.metro.net/riding_metro/maps/rail_map_future.pdf

  11. Metro Authority also operate bus system and bike road Bike system map http://www.metro.net/riding_metro/maps/la_bike_map.pdf Metro Rapid Bus system map http://www.metro.net/riding_metro/maps/rapid_system_map_0707.pdf Metro bus and Metro rail system map http://www.metro.net/riding_metro/maps/system_map.pdf

  12. Construction of Public Transportation SystemEx 2 25 cent the Downtown Area Short Hop (DASH) system • DASH is operated by the LADOT (Los Angeles the Department of Transportation) • alternative fuel vehicles (compressed natural gas, liquefied natural gas, propane, and electric/ cogenerator system) • DASH Route http://www.ladottransit.com/dash/ • Dash Map http://www.ladottransit.com/map/dashmap.html

  13. Construction of Public Transportation System EX 4 • Commuter Express System • This is also operated by LADOT and also alternative fuel vehicles • Commuter Express makes a limited number of stops, making the travel times as short as possible. This is good way for commuter who do not live close to Downtown Los Angeles or another major center. • Transfers from Commuter Express to DASH are quick and easy, plus they’re free using your monthly pass or a Commuter Express to DASH transfer. • System map http://www.ladottransit.com/map/cemap.html • Route map http://www.ladottransit.com/comexp/

  14. New Metro Vanpool Program 1 • (Sep 12, 2007) The Los Angels County Metropolitan Transportation Authority joined vanpool agencies. (5 years, $19 million program) • Commuters on new or existing vanpools can receive $400 per month subsidy to lower the leasing cost of a vanpool vehicle and the fare to each rider. Detail Info: http:// www.marketwire.com/mw/release.do?id=769254 Metro Vanpool Program http://www.metro.net/riding_metro/commute_services/vanpool/images/Partic%20Guides%201.pdf Cut your cost! http://www.metro.net/riding_metro/commute_services/vanpool/vanpool_program.htm

  15. New Metro Vanpool Program 2 • “What is a Vanpool?- Vanpools are similar to carpools, except they generally involve more people. A vanpool is a group of 5 to 15 people who regularly travel together to work 30 miles or more (roundtrip) in a comfortable van." http://www.metro.net/riding_metro/commute_services/vanpool/default.html • “Vanpoolers can shave an average of 20 minutes off of their commute time by using carpool lanes, and lower the stress and expense of driving alone.” http://www.metro.net/riding_metro/commute_services/vanpool/default.html

  16. New Metro Vanpool Program 3 • “A 70-mile roundtrip distance commuterfor the solo commuter can cost as much as$785 per monthin car ownership, fuel, and maintenance costs. The same vanpool trip without Metro is about$224person per month, but with the Metro Carpool Program, the vanpool commute is further reduced to a$170fare.The new $400 subsidy makes vanpoolingeven more affordable by saving an additional 20 to 30 percent off the monthly cost to each member.” http:// www.marketwire.com/mw/release.do?id=769254

  17. Construction of High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes • High Occupancy Vehicle lane is the lane for certain vehicles such as cars of carpools and vanpools. • Benefit: Reduce commute time (Less congestion compared with other normal lanes)

  18. High Occupancy Vehicle lance Registration in California • Senate Bill 63 (SB 63) • Assembly Bill 71 (AB 71) • Assembly Bill 769 (AB 769) • Assembly Bill 1871 (AB 1871) • Assembly Bill 2628 (AB 2628) • Assembly Bill 2600 (AB 2600) • http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist07/resources/hov/docs/2007%20HOV%20Annual%20Report.pdf • (data was collected in Fiscal Year 2006/2007: July 1, 2006 – June 30, 2007) by State of CA

  19. Usage of HOV lanes to encourage to use Clean Air Vehicles • A vehicle that meets specified emissions standards may be issued Clean Air Vehicle Stickers that allow the vehicle to be operated by a single occupant in the High Occupancy Vehicle (carpool or diamond) lanes of California's freeways • White Clean Air sticker • Yellow Clean Air Sticker • Detail Info: • http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist07/resources/hov/docs/2007%20HOV%20Annual%20Report.pdf • (data was collected in Fiscal Year 2006/2007: July 1, 2006 – June 30, 2007) by State of CA

  20. Requirement of white Clean Air sticker • “A vehicle that meets California's super ultra-low emission vehicle (SULEV) standard for exhaust emissions and the federal inherently low-emission vehicle (ILEV) evaporative emission standard” http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist07/resources/hov/docs/2007%20HOV%20Annual%20Report.pdf OR • “A 2004 model-year or older vehicle that meets the California ultra-low emission vehicle (ULEV) standard for exhaust emissions and the federal ILEV standard. “http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist07/resources/hov/docs/2007%20HOV%20Annual%20Report.pdf

  21. Requirement of Yellow Clean Air sticker • “A hybrid or alternative fuel vehicle that meets California's advanced technology partial zero-emission vehicle (AT PZEV) standard for criteria pollutant emissions and has a 45 miles per gallon or greater fuel economy highway rating.” http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist07/resources/hov/docs/2007%20HOV%20Annual%20Report.pdf OR • “A 2004 model-year or older hybrid vehicle that has a 45 mile per gallon or greater fuel economy highway rating and meets California's ultra-low emission vehicle (ULEV), super ultra-low emission vehicle (SULEV), or partial zeroemissionvehicle (PZEV) standards.” http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist07/resources/hov/docs/2007%20HOV%20Annual%20Report.pdf

  22. LA. County HOV System Status • LA County HOV System Status http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist07/resources/hov/docs/HOV%20Lane%20Map%20Los%20Angeles%20County.pdf • Interregional HOV System Status http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist07/resources/hov/docs/HOV%20Lane%20Map%20Interregional.pdf

  23. Increasing Bike Road and Storage • Because of Metro Authority, Bike Road is increased. • Bicycle Storage (example of Santa Monica) Santa Monica's Municipal Code requires short-and long-term bicycle parking for building visitors and occupants. The amount and type is regulated by Section 9.04.10.08.050. All new non-residential buildings or structures shall provide off-street bicycle parking

  24. Mode of Commuter in Downtown LA (2000) City-Data. Com The result of Alterative ways of commute Economic Benefits of Public Transportation Investment Economic Benefit in excess of costs

  25. The Problem • ① The increase of transportation system is great!! But the rate of sprawl and growth is also big in LA County. Evidence is that although population is increasing, the density is decreasing. Especially, low density of Woodland Hills is strange because Woodland Hills has third biggest employment in LA (1990).

  26. Los Angeles Population Growth • Census Scope http://www.censusscope.org/us/m4480/chart_popl.html

  27. Employment data based on 2000 Census

  28. Action Idea in Case of Woodland Hills • About woodland hills • Transportation- Metro Orange Line • Lower population density compared with other five communities • Large number of Motor Vehicles • High rate of using drive alone as commute

  29. Metro Orange Line

  30. Action Idea in Case of Woodland Hills ①Adopt Parking Cash Out (Increase of carpool/vanpool, decrease of drive alone) ②Adopt various types of Financial Incentives on Commute Trips (same as above) ④Adopt Bicycle Storage (Encourage use of Bicycle )

  31. Characteristic of Downtown of LA • Downtown is sprawling due to the 1950’s and 1960’s city planning.

  32. Parking lots in Downtown of LA • Downtown L.A. Interactive map http://dcbid.cartifactmaps.com/

  33. Action in Case of Downtown of LA ①Density Bonus Development (Los Angeles Housing Department) (precedent: 2003) ②Adopt Bicycle Storage (Encourage use of Bicycle ) ③Adopt Parking Cash Out (Increase of carpool/vanpool, decrease of drive alone) ④Adopt various types of Financial Incentives on Commute Trips (same as above)

  34. ①Density Bonus Development • Density Bonus –“Density Bonus” means an increase in the number of market-rate units on the site in order to provide an incentive for the construction of affordable housing pursuant to this ordinance. http://www.planning.org/smartgrowthcodes/pdf/section44.pdf • For over 25 years California state law has required local governments to give builders who include affordable residences in their new developments a 25% density bonus. For example, if the zoning for the parcel allows 40 apartments to be built, then a developer could build an extra ten apartments (40 x 25% = 10), bringing the total to 50 apartments, on the condition that at least four of the residences were affordable. The density bonus is really for apartments rather than single family zones. http://www.livableplaces.org/policy/densitybonus.html

  35. ①Density Bonus Development part 2 • SB 1818 - the State Density Bonus law (Government Code Section 65915). • In 1995, LA adopted the Affordable Housing Incentives Ordinance to carry out the state density bonus at the local level. This local ordinance also allowed developers to reduce parking for affordable units because the residents qualifying for the affordable residences own fewer cars. In four and a half years between 1999 and 2003, almost 1,400 affordable residences were built in 88 developments throughout the City of Los Angeles using the state density bonus. In 2002, in an effort to ease traffic congestion by directing new housing to areas that are well-served by public transportation, the City began allowing 35% density bonuses in designated transit zones. http://www.livableplaces.org/policy/densitybonus.html • Density Bonus Developments in the City of Los Angeles as of October 2003 http://www.lacity.org/lahd/densitybonusmaptable.pdf

  36. ②Adopt Bicycle Storage (Encourage use of Bicycle ) • The downtown is sprawling, so several local government should cooperate to make a law. In case of Santa Monica, “Santa Monica's Municipal Code requires short-and long-term bicycle parking for building visitors and occupants. The amount and type is regulated by Section 9.04.10.08.050. All new non-residential buildings or structures shall provide off-street bicycle parking “http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://greenbuildings.santa-monica.org/images/tr5.jpg&imgrefurl=http://greenbuildings.santa-monica.org/transportation/parkingoccupancies.html&h=221&w=400&sz=32&hl=en&start=6&um=1&tbnid=FOP8Z2R7m48WcM:&tbnh=69&tbnw=124&prev=

  37. Adopt Parking Cash Out

  38. Adopt Parking Cash Out • Parking Cash Out “requires certain employers who offer free parking to their employees to eliminate the free benefit or offer cash equivalents to employees who decline the parking privilege”. “CA established a law of “Parking Cash Out” registration in 1992”. “The law was intended to reduce the incentive to drive to work and thereby reduce traffic congestion, air pollution and fuel consumption”. But it was not unknown among employers for a long time. As this solution, the CA Air Resources Board began to have an authority to charge it. • http://www.its.berkeley.edu/itsreview/ITSReviewonline/july2002/parking_cashout.html

  39. Adopt various types of Financial Incentives on Commute Trips • Financial Incentives are the most effective • Bicycle Subsidy change -2.7 in Drive Alone Mode Share • In case of Vanpool Seat Subsidy -5.4 • Transit Subsidy -3.1 • Other Employee Benefits -4.1 Victoria Transport Policy Institute http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm8.htm

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