Chapter Two

1. Chapter Two Responses to Music

2. Primary Roles in Music • Creative Process • Composers • Musicians • Performance Process • Musicians • Audience (at live events) • Listening Process • Audience (that’s you!) • Musicians (you also?) • Composers (?)

3. Secondary Roles in Music • ProducerRecord Producer • ManagerHouse Manager Concert Manager Personal Manager • Recording Engineer • CriticReviewer Deejay Veejay

4. Four Categories of Human Attributes • Cultures all over the world have identified four human traits or characteristics– • Cabala (Kabbala)physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual • Indigenous (Native American, Australian Aboriginal, etc.)warrior, healer, teacher, visionary • Sufiexistence, experience, consciousness, the soul • Carl Jungsensation, feeling, thinking, intuition

5. Human Responses to Music Physical = “feet” music Emotional = “heart” music Cognitive = “head” music Spiritual = “soul” music

6. Physical • Obvious responses • Foot tapping • Hand clapping • Swaying • Dancing • Subtle responses • Blood pressure • Relaxation or tension • Heart rate, respiration, brain wave activity

7. Emotional • Some Causes— • Music itself--melody, harmony, rhythm • Associations you have with music—where you first heard it, for example • Lyrics—the words that accompany the music are meaningful to you • Your feelings about the performer(s), composer, instruments used, venue, etc. • What you do or do not know about the music, the performers, the composer, and/or the instruments

8. Spiritual • There is a difference between spiritual and religious . • Religious—the whole organized establishment that maintains a particular faith community--e.g. Catholic Church • Spiritual—a personal experience, often of transcendent values or deep meaning, either secular or sacred • Spiritual responses depend on an intimate experience with the cultural context of the music

9. Cognitive Cognitive responses depend on our thinking about music • Knowledge can be Formal • Comes from reading, listening, or talking about the music, its composer, instruments used, etc. • Does not include remembering where we heard the piece before • Knowledge can be Informal • Comes from direct experience with the music or performer(s)

10. Rastafarianism • Religion practiced in Jamaica • Centers around Haile Salassie, former emperor of Ethiopia • Combines elements from several different religions • Reggae music often centers on Rastafarian beliefs and political concerns

11. Rastafarianism • The Rastafarian religion originated in Africa. • It is not just a religion, but a way of life. • Rastafarians speak out against poverty, oppression and inequality; not just religious ideas but global problems. • Rastafarians use the Bible for guidance.

12. Rastafarianism • The prime belief of the Rastafarians is that Haile Selassie is the living God for the black race. • Selassie, whose previous name was Ras Tafari, was the emperor of Ethiopia. • Rastafarians say scriptures prophesied him as the one with "the hair of whose head was like wool, whose feet were like unto burning brass."

13. Rastafarianism • The Rastafarian name for God is Jah. • The Lion of Judah represents Haile Selassie, the Conqueror. It represents the King of Kings as a lion is the king of all beasts. • Selassie wore a Lion of Judah ring that was given to Bob Marley at the time of Selassie's death.

14. Rastafarianism • Babylon is the Rastafarian term for the white political power structure that has been holding the black race down for centuries. • Past-- Rasta see that blacks were held down physically by the shackles of slavery. • Present-- Rasta feel that blacks are still held down through poverty, illiteracy, inequality, and trickery by the white man. • The effort of Rasta is to try to remind blacks of their heritage and have them stand up against Babylon.

15. Rastafarianism • One of the more obvious symbols of the Rastafarians are the colors red, gold, and green. • Ganja is used for religious purposes. Its use is mentioned in the Bible in Psalms 104:14, "He causeth the grass for the cattle, and herb for the service of man". • Rastas are vegetarians. Drinking preferences are anything that is herbal, such as tea. Liquor, milk, coffee, and soft drinks are viewed as unnatural.

16. Dreadlocks symbolize the Rasta roots, contrasting the straight, blond look of the white man and establishment. • Dreadlocks are also in the Bible: Leviticus 21:5, "They shall not make baldness upon their head, neither shall they shave off the corner of their beard, nor make any cuttings in the flesh." • Dreadlocks symbolize the Lion of Judah and have also come to symbolize rebellion against the system and the "proper" way to wear hair.

17. Reggae • Rasta forms the base of reggae music, the vehicle that artists such as Bob Marley used to spread Rasta all over the world. • This indigenous music grew from ska, which had elements of American R&B and Caribbean styles.