بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم

1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحیم Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

2. Distillation • Distillation is a method of separatingchemical substances based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation usually forms part of a larger chemical process. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

3. Commercially, distillation has a number of uses. It is used to separate crude oil into more fractions for specific uses such as transport, power generation and heating. Water is distilled to remove impurities, such as salt from sea water. Air is distilled to separate its components - notably oxygen, nitrogen and argon - for industrial use. Distillation of fermentedsolutions has been used since ancient times to produce distilled beverages with a higher alcohol content. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

4. Distillation is a process of boiling a liquid and condensing and collecting the vapour. The liquid collected is the distillate. The usual purpose of distillation is purification or separation of the components of a mixture. This is possible because the composition of the vapour is usually different from that of liquid mixture from which it is obtained. Petrol, kerosene, fuel oil, and lubricating oil are produced from petroleum by distillation. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

5. Types of laboratory scale distillation: • Simple distillation • Fractional distillation • Steam distillation • Vacuum distillation • Air-sensitive vacuum distillation • Destructive distillation • Dry distillation • Freeze distillation • Extractive distillation • Short path distillation • Other types Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

6. Hard water • The hardness of the water results in a calcification • Hard water is a type of water that has high mineral content (in contrast with soft water). Hard water primarily consists of calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) metal cations, and sometimes other dissolved compounds such as bicarbonates and sulfates. Calcium usually enters the water as either calcium carbonate (CaCO3), in the form of limestone and chalk, or calcium sulfate (CaSO4), in the form of other mineral deposits. The predominant source of magnesium is dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2). Hard water is generally not harmful. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

7. The simplest way to determine the hardness of water is the lather/froth test: soap or toothpaste, when agitated, lathers easily in soft water but not in hard water. More exact measurements of hardness can be obtained through a wet titration. The total water 'hardness' (including both Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions) is read as parts per million or weight/volume (mg/L) of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the water. Although water hardness usually only measures the total concentrations of calcium and magnesium (the two most prevalent, divalent metal ions), iron, aluminium, and manganese may also be present at elevated levels in some geographical locations Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

8. Continued….. • Water that is difficult to make soap suds in because it contains calcium and magnesium salts.Water that contains certain salts, such as those of calcium or magnesium, which form insoluble deposits in boilers and form precipitates with soap. • Water that contains minerals that can precipitate out of solution. Permanent hardness means minerals that do not precipitate with heating. Temporary hardness means minerals that precipitate out of solution during heating and cause mineral deposits on equipment and hot water pipes.www.foodsafety.psu.edu/angel/fssbook/glossary.html Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

9. …………. • Water containing excessive amounts of calcium and magnesium ions which prevents soap from lathering and produces scale and incrustation.such water than contains dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium in a concentration greater than 200 ppm.Natural water containing impurities in various proportions. Traditional hardness is a measure of calcium or dissolved solids in a solution, measured in parts per million. Hard water generally ranges from 100 to 250 ppm. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

10. Hardness • Hardness in water is defined as the presence of multivalent cations. Hardness in water can cause water to form scales and a resistance to soap. It can also be defined as water that doesn't produce lather with soap solutions, but produces white precipitate (scum). Example : • 2C17H35COONa + Ca++ → (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2Na+ Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

11. Types of hard water • In the 1960's, scientist Chris Gilby discovered that hard water is categorized by the ions found in the water. A distinction is also made between 'temporary' and 'permanent' hard water. Temporary hardness • Temporary hardness is caused by a combination of calcium ions and bicarbonate ions in the water. It can be removed by boiling the water or by the addition of lime (calcium hydroxide). Boiling promotes the formation of carbonate from the bicarbonate and precipitates calcium carbonate out of solution, leaving water that is softer upon cooling. • Ca(OH)2+H2CO3 CaCO3+2H2O Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

12. Permanent hardness • Permanent hardness is hardness (mineral content) that cannot be removed by boiling. It is usually caused by the presence of calcium and magnesium sulfates and/or chlorides in the water, which become more soluble as the temperature rises. Despite the name, permanent hardness can be removed using a water softener or ion exchange column, where the calcium and magnesium ions are exchanged with the sodium ions in the column. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

13. Hard water causes scaling, which is the left over mineral deposits that are formed after the hard water had evaporated. This is also known as limescale(منگ. The scale can clog pipes, ruin water heaters, coat the insides of tea and coffee pots .Similarly, insoluble salt residues that remain in hair after shampooing with hard water tend to leave hair rougher and harder to untangle. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

14. In industrial settings, water hardness must be constantly monitored to avoid costly breakdowns in boilers, cooling towers, and other equipment that comes in contact with water. Hardness is controlled by the addition of chemicals and by large-scale softening withion exchange resins Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

15. Permanent hardness removal • The addition of sodium carbonate also softens permanently hard water containing calcium sulfate, as the calcium ions form calcium carbonate which precipitates out and sodium sulfate is formed which is soluble. The calcium carbonate that is formed sinks to the bottom. Sodium sulfate has no effect on the hardness of water. • Na2CO3 + CaSO4 → Na2SO4 + CaCO3 Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

16. Or when the permanent hardness is caused by Cacl2/MgCl2. we can remove them by adding of NaCO3 to water having these salts and results to form NaCl which is a soluble salt, however Mg and Ca carbonate salts precipitate and can easily be removed by even simple kind of traditional filtration. • CaCl2/MgCl2+2Na2CO3 CaCO3/MgCO3+4NaCl Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

17. Soft water Water having a low concentration of calcium and magnesium ions • A water condition with very small amounts of dissolved salts • Any water that is not "hard," ie, does not contain a significant amount of dissolved minerals such as salts containing calcium or magnesium. • Water with light concentrations of calcium and magnesium, and which lathers readily with soap or detergent. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

18. Water without significant hardness, that is, low (< 60 mg/l) in concentration of magnesium or calcium salts. • Soft water is the term used to describe types of water that contain few or no calcium or magnesium ions. The term is usually relative to hard water, which does contain significant amounts of such ions. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

19. What are differences between distilled and purified water • Distilled water is water that has had virtually all of its impurities removed through distillation (boiling the water and re-condensing the steam into liquid water). • Purified water can come from any source, including spring water, well water, sea water, or municipal water. This source water is then processed by reverse osmosis or deionization to produce a water that is indistinguishable from distilled water from any other source. Purified water contains no dissolved solids. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

20. purified is just water ran through a filter.Distilled is water that has been boiled and filtered. the steam caught and turned back into water...leaves all the impurities behind. It is the best water to use and drink. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

21. Purified and distilled water are essentially the same product -- water in its purest form with essentially all the minerals removed. The difference is in the process used to remove the minerals. Distillation involves a heating process that converts water into steam, leaving the minerals or impurities behind. Water processed by this method is called distilled water. However, the same result can be achieved by using deionization and reverse osmosis, water processed by these methods is called purified water. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

22. Deionized Water • Deionized water which is also known as demineralized water (DI water or de-ionized water; also spelled deionised water is water that has had its minerals removed, such as cations from sodium, calcium, iron, copper and anions such as chloride and bromide. Deionization is a physical process which uses specially-manufactured ion exchange resins which bind to and filter out the mineral salts from water. Because the majority of water impurities are dissolved salts, deionization produces a high purity water that is generally similar to distilled water quickly and without scale buildup Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

23. However, deionization does not significantly remove uncharged organic molecules, viruses or bacteria, except through "accidental" trapping by the resin. Specially made strong base anion resins can remove Gram-negative bacteria. Deionization can be done continuously using Electrodeionization. • It should be noted that removal of all ions from water is next to impossible. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

24. Purified water is water from any source that is physically processed to remove impurities. Distilled water and deionized water have been the most common forms of purified water, but water can also be purified by other processes including reverse osmosis, carbon filtration, microporous filtration, ultrafiltration, ultraviolet oxidation, or electrodialysis. In recent decades, a combination of the above processes have come into use to produce water of such high purity that its trace contaminants are measured in parts per billion (ppb) or parts per trillion (ppt). Purified water has many uses, including in science and engineering laboratories and industries. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

25. Sterile Water: Water, also known as "sterilized water," that meets the requirements under Sterility Tests, in the United States Pharmacopeia, 23d revision. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

26. Types of Drinking Water We Offer: • Spring Water or source water , Artesian Water, Purified, Purified with Minerals Added for Taste, Fluoridated*, Fluoridated Spring Water, Fluoridated Artesian Water, Fluoridated Purified Water, and Distilled Water. Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com

27. مننه! Downloaded from www.pharmacy123.blogfa.com