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Exercise 35

Exercise 35. The Lymphatic System & Immune Response. Objectives. Components & functions of lymphatic system Roles of B-cells, T-cells Structure & function of lymph nodes Localization of T-cells, B-cells, macrophages in lymph nodes Antigen vs. antibody

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Exercise 35

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  1. Exercise 35 The Lymphatic System & Immune Response

  2. Objectives • Components & functions of lymphatic system • Roles of B-cells, T-cells • Structure & function of lymph nodes • Localization of T-cells, B-cells, macrophages in lymph nodes • Antigen vs. antibody • Immunological memory, specificity, differentiation of “self vs. nonself”

  3. Lymphatic System • Cells, tissues, & organs responsible for defending the body against • Environmental hazards (pathogens) • Internal threats (cancers)

  4. Lymphatic System • Lymphocytes are primary cells responding to specific threats “specific defense” is the immune response

  5. Lymphatic System • Lymph (fluid c.t.) • Lymphatic vessels • Lymphoid tissues • Tonsils • Lymphoid organs • Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen Fig. 22-1

  6. Lymphatic System Functions • Transports LYMPH to the blood (lymphatic capillaries pick up this “leaked” interstitial fluid from tissues & takes it to the veins) Fig. 22-2

  7. Lymphatic System Functions • Protects the body: • Removes foreign material (i.e.: bacteria) from lymphatic system • “Police” of the body fluids • Replication/cell division of lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells, etc.)

  8. Lymphatic Vessels SEE MODELS!!! Right lymphatic duct • Drains lymph from upper right extremity, head, thorax • Into Rt Subclavian Vein Fig. 22-4

  9. Lymphatic Vessels Thoracic duct • Drains lymph from rest of the body • Into L subclavian vein Fig. 22-4

  10. Lymphatic Vessels Rt lymphatic & thoracic ducts • Both empty lymph into venouscirculation of blood • One-way system—only TOWARDthe heart Fig. 22-4

  11. Lymphatic Vessels Cisterna chyli • Enlarged inferior “end” of thoracic duct • Receives lymph from the digestive viscera Fig. 22-4

  12. Lymph Nodes • Filter lymph as it’s transported through the lymphatic vessels • 1000s throughout the body • Macrophages inside—phagocytize bacteria, cancer cells, etc. in lymph before entering bloodstream • Cervical, axillary, inguinal regions; Peyer’s patches in intestine

  13. SEE MODELS!!! Fig. 22-1

  14. Peyer’s patches clusters of lymph nodules in small intestine SEE MODELS!!! uhaweb.hartford.edu/ BUGL/immune.htm

  15. Structure of Lymph node Fig. 22-7

  16. Peyer’s patch histology Collection of lymphoid nodules in mucosa of small intestine Peyer's Patches are largish, rounded areas located in the submucosa. They can be a bit difficult to spot: look for the slightly darker, purpler color and more speckled or grainy texture. Lumen of small intestine http://www.uky.edu/LCC/BSN/BIO/BiologyLabs/BSL111/111Lab6/Lab6DigestiveSlides.html

  17. Lymph node histology http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/lymphatic/lymph.htm

  18. Lymphoid Tissue • Tonsils • Lingual • (2) Base of tongue • Palatine • L, R: posterior inferior palate • Pharyngeal (adenoids) • (1) posterior superior wall of nasopharynx Fig. 22-6 SEE MODELS!!!

  19. Lymph Organs SEE MODELS!!! • Thymus: primary lymphoid organ Fig. 22-8

  20. Lymph Organs SEE MODELS!!! • Spleen: secondary lymphoid organ Fig. 22-9

  21. Lymphocytes: 2nd-most abundant WBCs Fig. 22-15

  22. Stem Cells originate in bone marrow T cells • Differentiate in thymus B cells • Differentiate in bone marrow • Then enter blood stream with specific things on cell’s surface, • and are cloned in lymph organs

  23. Fig. 22-15

  24. Lymphocytes, continued: After cloned and made many more replicates, each can form memory cells or effector/regulatory cells

  25. Lymphocytes, continued: B cell clones: • Memory B cells • Antibody-producing plasma cells • “humoral immunity” (work indirectly through antibodies released into blood/lymphstreams

  26. Lymphocytes: • T cell clones: • Memory T cells • Cytotoxic T cells (directly attack virus-infected tissue cells) • Helper T cells (activate B cells & cytotoxic T cells) • Suppressor cells (can inhibit immune response) • “cellular immunity” (act directly, attack bacteria/viruses/parasites/cancer cells)

  27. “FILTER”: ~99% of antigens are removed before enters bloodstream • Regions of T and B cells in lymph nodes Macrophages in Fig. 22-7

  28. Antigen (Ag) vs. Antibody (Ab) Antigens • Provoke an immune response • ANTIbody GENerators Antibodies (immunoglobulins—Igs) • Produced by sensitized B cells or plasma cells in response to antigen presence • (proteins; IgM, IgG, IgD, IgA, IgE) • Antigen-binding site is specific

  29. Fig. 22-21

  30. Important Immune Response Characteristics • Immunological Memory • Remembers foreign antigens it’s previously encountered, can react faster 2nd time (i.e.: chicken pox) • Specificity • Memory and antibodies very specific • Differentiation of “self” and “non-self” • Self = our own tissues, don’t alert immune response • non-self = foreign antigens, triggers immune response

  31. Important Immune Response Characteristics Just FYI--- Differentiation of “self” and “non-self” • Can malfunction • Autoimmune diseases (MS, Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile diabetes, etc.)

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