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The Flow of Fresh Water

The Flow of Fresh Water. Chapter 11. What Is Erosion? Erosion is the process by which soil and sediment are transported from one location to another. Water and Erosion Water is a major agent of erosion. Rivers often carry eroded materials long distances. Rivers: Agents of Erosion Section 1.

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The Flow of Fresh Water

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  1. The Flow of Fresh Water Chapter 11

  2. What Is Erosion?Erosion is the process by which soil and sediment are transported from one location to another. Water and ErosionWater is a major agent of erosion. Rivers often carry eroded materials long distances. Rivers: Agents of ErosionSection 1

  3. What Is the Water Cycle?The water cycle is the continuous movement of Earth’s water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean. Powering the Water CycleThe water cycle is driven by energy from the sun. The Water Cycle

  4. The Water Cycle

  5. Chapter 11 Section1 The Active River Water Cycle Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  6. TributariesA stream that flows into a lake or into a larger stream is called a tributary. WatershedsA watershed, or drainage basin, is the area of land that is drained by a water system. River Systems

  7. Chapter 11 Section1 The Active River Tributary, River System, and Drainage Basin Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  8. Stream Erosion • GradientGradient is the measure of the change in elevation over a certain distance. • DischargeThe amount of water that a stream or river carries in a given amount of time is called discharge. • LoadThe materials carried by a stream are called the stream’s load. A mountain stream, such as the one at left, at Kenai Peninsula in Alaska, flows rapidly and has more erosive energy. A river on a flat plain, such as the Kuskokwim River in Alaska, shown below, flows slowly and has less erosive energy.

  9. Chapter 11 Section1 The Active River Gradient Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  10. Chapter 11 Section1 The Active River Discharge Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  11. River Stages

  12. Youthful Rivers A youthful river erodes its channel deeper rather than wider. Mature RiversA mature river erodes its channel wider rather than deeper. The Stages of a River This youthful river is located in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. Rapids and falls are found where the river flows over hard, resistant rock. A mature river, such as this one in the Amazon basin of Peru, curves back and forth. The bends in the river’s channel are called meanders.

  13. Old Rivers An old river has a low gradient and little erosive energy. Rejuvenated RiversRejuvenated rivers are found where the land is raised by tectonic activity. The Stages of a River, continued This old river is located in New Zealand. This rejuvenated river is located in Canyonlands National Park in Utah.

  14. Placer DepositsHeavy minerals are sometimes deposited at places in a river where the current slows down. This kind of sediment is called a placer deposit. DeltaAs its current slows, a river often deposits its load in a fan-shaped pattern called a delta. Deposition in WaterSection 2

  15. River Deposition

  16. Deposition on Land • FloodplainsThe area along a river that forms from sediment deposited when a river overflows its banks is called a floodplain. • Flooding DangersFloods can damage property and cause a loss of lives. Dams and levees are often used to prevent flooding.

  17. The Water TableThe zone of aeration and the zone of saturation meet at a boundary known as the water table. Aquifer: a body of rock or sediment that stores underground water and allows the flow of groundwater The Location of GroundwaterSection 3

  18. The Water Table

  19. PorosityThe percentage of open space between individual rocks is called porosity. PermeabilityA rock’s ability to let water pass through is called permeability. Aquifers Large particles, shown at left, have less total surface area—and so cause less friction—than small particles, shown at right, do.

  20. Chapter 11 Section3 Water Underground Permeable and Impermeable Rocks Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  21. Aquifer Geology and GeographyThe best aquifers usually form in permeable materials. Recharge ZonesThe ground surface where water enters an aquifer is called the recharge zone. Aquifers, continued

  22. Aquifers

  23. Artesian SpringsAn artesian spring is a spring whose water flows from a crack in the cap rock of an aquifer. WellsA human-made hole that is deeper than the level of the water table is called a well. Springs and Wells

  24. Chapter 11 Section3 Water Underground Aquifers and Artesian Springs Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  25. The Water Table and Wells

  26. Chapter 11 Section3 Water Underground Well Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  27. Cave FormationsAlthough caves are formed by erosion, they also so signs of deposition, such as stalagmites. SinkholesThe roof of a cave can collapse, which leaves a circular depression called a sinkhole. At Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico, underground passages and enormous “rooms” have been eroded below the surface of the Earth. Underground Erosion and Deposition The damage to this city block shows the effects of a sinkhole in Winter Park, Florida.

  28. What Is Pollution?Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the environment. Point-Source and Nonpoint-Source PollutionPollution that comes from one specific site is called point-source pollution. Nonpoint-source pollution is pollution that comes from many sources. Water PollutionSection 4

  29. Chapter 11 Section4 Using Water Wisely Point-Source and Nonpoint-Source Pollution Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  30. Dissolved OxygenFish and other organisms that live in water need dissolved oxygen in the water to live. NitratesElevated nitrate levels in water can be harmful to organisms because they lower the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water. AlkalinityAlkalinity refers to water’s ability to neutralize acid. Acid rain can lower water’s alkalinity. Health of a Water System

  31. Primary TreatmentIn primary treatment, dirty water is passed through a large screen to catch solid objects. Secondary TreatmentIn secondary treatment, the water is sent to an aeration tank, where it is mixed with oxygen and bacteria. Another Way to Clean WastewaterA septic tank is a large underground tank that cleans wastewater from a household. Cleaning Polluted Water

  32. Chapter 11 Section4 Using Water Wisely Sewage Treatment Plant Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

  33. Water in IndustryAbout 19% of water used in the world is used for industrial purposes. Water in AgricultureWater must be used in agriculture to facilitate plant growth. Conserving Water at HomeMany people save water by installing low-flow shower heads and low-flush toilets. Where the Water Goes The average household in the United States uses about 100 gal of water per day. This pie graph shows some common uses of these 100 gal.

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