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World War I

World War I. Causes of World War I. Nationalism A devotion to the interests and culture one’s nation. Imperialism Strong countries extending economic and political control over smaller countries Militarism Development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy.

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World War I

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  1. World War I

  2. Causes of World War I • Nationalism • A devotion to the interests and culture one’s nation. • Imperialism • Strong countries extending economic and political control over smaller countries • Militarism • Development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy. • You-tube Clips: Imperialism and Nationalism

  3. The Collapse of European Peace

  4. The Collapse • The Triple Entente • Great Britain, France, and Russia • The Triple Alliance • Germany, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy. • Rivalry: • Between Germany and Great Britain. • Germany striving to become world power. • Britain- already was one. • Not the immediate cause of war. • Conflict involving nationalists movements within the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

  5. June 28, 1914 • Archduke Franz Ferdinand • Assassinated while visiting Bosnia • Bosnia was a province of Slavic Nationalists • They wished to annex to neighboring Serbia. • The assassin of Archduke was a Serbian Nationalists. • Germany, Austria-Hungary launched an assault on Serbia. • Serbia calls Russia to help. • August 3- Germany declared war on both Russia and France. • Did invade Belgium • August 4- Great Britain declared war on Germany. • SHOW YOU-TUBE CLIP OF ASSASSINATION

  6. Italy • They remain neutral • Later will emerge on the side of British and French. • Ottoman Empire • Other smaller nations all joined the fighting later in 1914 or1915 • Virtually every European continent and part of Asia were embroiled in a major war.

  7. Wilson’s Neutrality • Called on his citizens to remain impartial. • Many Americans wanted to side with Great Britain. • Economic Realities • U.S to deal with others on equal terms. • Britain imposed naval blockade on Germany. • To prevent munitions and supplies from reaching the enemy.

  8. Wilson’s Neutrality • U.S • Received huge war orders • One from Britain and France to produce economic boom. • 1915 • Went from neutral power into the arsenal of the Allies. • Early 1915 • Germany used submarine to disrupt flow of supplies to England. • May 7, 1915 • Lusitania- British submarine. • Germany sunk it without warning. • Killed 1,198- 128 American • Ship was carrying passengers and munitions. • An act of piracy against Americans • Told Germany to stop sinking nonmilitary ships. • 1916- U.S began arming merchant ships. • Germany vowed to sink them.

  9. Moving Towards War • Wilson • Wanting to remain Neutral! • Tensions with U.S and Germany rose • Wilson began to change his mind. • 1915 • Wilson approved a proposal by military leaders. • Rapidly increase the nations armed forces. • Got the President gig for his slogan: • “He kept us out of war” • Hughes would lead them to war. • Wilson won the election by only 23 electoral votes.

  10. U.S Enters the War • Being Re-elected Wilson gave a speech. • Congress • Outline a plan for constructing a new world order after the war in which the U.S would help maintain peace throughout a permanent league of nations. • Feb 25, 1917 • Britain gave Wilson a telegram • Intercepted from the German foreign minister • Arthur Zimmerman • To the government of Mexico

  11. Proposed Event • With a war between U.S and Germany • Mexico would join with Germany against Americans. • Return: • Mexico would regain their lost provinces

  12. American Goes to War!!! • Shortly after this: • Zimmerman notes flamed public opinion. • Brought popular sentiment for war. • Germany sank three ships: • Wilson asked congress to declare war • April 2, 1917 • War was declared on April 6, 1917.

  13. Bolshevik Revolution • Britain and France had a few remaining reserves. • By 1918 • Russia had withdrawn from the war altogether • Bolshevik Revolution • Watch YOU-TUBE CLIPS of the murder of the Romanov Family. • After the Bolshevik Revolution • New Government led by Vladimir Lenin. • He led a hasty and costly peace with the Central Powers. • This freed German Troops to fight only on the Western Front.

  14. The American Expeditionary Force • 1917 • There were only about 12,000 soldiers in the army • 80,000 in the National Guard. • Neither had combat experience • Few Commanders had small experience as well. • Selective Service Act • Brought 3 million men into the army. • Another 2 million joined various branches of the armed services. • Together they formed the American expeditionary force.

  15. The Military Struggle • 1918 • Troops were under the command of John J. Pershing. • Joined the forces of the Allies • Began turning back a series of new German assaults. • July 18 • Allies halted German advance. • German military leaders began to seek an armistice. • Pershing • Wanted to drive on into Germany. • Allied leaders accepted the German proposal • November 11, 1918 • THE WAR WAS OVER!!!

  16. Wilson’s 14 Points • Early 1918 • Wilson developed a plan to help to govern international conduct in the future. • 14 Points to outline his plan: • 1. Freedom on the seas • 2. Open covenants instead of secret treaties. • 3. Reductions in armaments • 4. Free Trade • 5. Impartial mediation of colonial claims • 6. League of Nations • Wilson hoped Europe would adopt this plan. • Wilson’s tone: Superiority • Resented him

  17. Wilson’s 14 Points • They were also offended by his insistence on keeping American military forces separate from the Allied armies they were joining. • Biggest Reason: • France and Britain did not want to be generous to Germany. • They wanted them to be punished and for their countries to receive compensation for their losses.

  18. The Paris Peace Conference • Principal figures in the negotiations were the Allied nations: • Great Britain: Lloyd George • France: Clemenceau • Italy: Orlando • U.S.A: Wilson • These were known as the BIG FOUR! • Wilson unable to win approval of many of the 14 points. • BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND ITALY • All demanded reparations from Germany • Sum of 56 Billion • Far more than what they could afford. • Wilson- One important victory • Jan 25, 1919- allies voted to accept the League of Nations.

  19. The Ratification Battle • American’s • Used to the nation’s isolationism from Europe. • Questioned new commitment to internationalism.

  20. Treaty of Versailles • Wilson presented this plan to the Senate • July 10, 1919 • Wilson insisted that Congress accept the treaty without making changes to it. • Senate raised objections • One slowly read the 300 page document. • Held six weeks of public hearings to hear complaints. • Congress would not budge • Wilson went to the public • Embarked on the Cross-Country Speaking tour. • 3 weeks- he traveled 8,000 miles by train. • Spoke 4 times a day. • September 25- Pueblo, Colorado • Collapsed • Rushed back to D.C. • Suffered a major stroke

  21. Wilson Recovery • Wife of President Wilson • Doctor and Wife formed a barrier around him • Shielded him from any official pressures. • Prevented the public from receiving any information of his condition. • Wilson recovered enough to resume a limited schedule. • He was invalid for the remaining months of his presidency.

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