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Air masses Types of weather fronts cold, warm, occluded Traveling cyclones and anticyclones Tornadoes Tropical Weath

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Air masses Types of weather fronts cold, warm, occluded Traveling cyclones and anticyclones Tornadoes Tropical Weath

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    1. Air masses Types of weather fronts (cold, warm, occluded) Traveling cyclones and anticyclones Tornadoes Tropical Weather Systems Poleward Transport of Heat and Moisture

    14. Wave Cyclones wave cyclones are the dominant form of weather systems in middle and high latitudes large inspirals of air that repeatedly form, intensify and dissolve

    16. Cyclone Tracks Wave cyclones tend to form in certain areas and travel common paths Mid-latitude wave cyclones tend to travel eastward Tropical cyclones tend to move westward

    18. Tornadoes appear as dark funnel cloud hanging down from cumulonimbus clouds Wind speeds may be as high as 100 meters per second (225 miles per hour) Cause great damage

    19. Tornadoes

    20. Waterspout - over water - less power - smaller temp gradient

    22. Tornadoes a small but very intense cyclonic vortex in which air spins at a tremendous speed associated with thunderstorms spawned by fronts in mid-latitude regions of North America

    27. Tornado Forecasting NEXRAD doppler radar (WSR-88D) 138 stations across the USA Intensity of storm noted by amount of reflection off rain, hail, and ice crystals. Hook cloud is an indicator.

    28. “It can’t happen Here”

    30. Thunderstorm Frequency Probably 1500 to 2000 thunderstorms active around the world at any given time.

    31. Hail Downbursts (Microbursts) Lightning and thunder Tornadoes Violent Associations

    32. Hail Formation

    33. Downbursts Macrobursts - extreme downdrafts associated with thunderstorms. Microburst smaller < 5 minute duration winds up to 146 mph

    34. Lightning discharge of electricity that occurs in mature thunderstorms Cause: charge separation in cloud sets up electrical potential

    36. Frequency of Occurrence Globally, lightning flashes ? 100 times per second.

    37. Geography of Lightning

    38. USA: Real-time Lightning

    39. Thunder Air poor conductor of electricity Huge electrical potential develops Lightning bolt ‘superheats’ the air (30,000?C, 54,000 ?F) Surrounding air expands violently ? sound wave

    40. Distance from the Thunderstorm Speed of light: 300,000 km/s Speed of sound: about 343 m/s Distance calculation for each 3 seconds, 1 km away for each 5 seconds, 1 mile away

    41. Easterly Waves A simple form of tropical weather system is a slow moving trough of low pressure within the tropical easterly wind belts (trades)

    42. Polar Outbreaks the occasional penetration of powerful tongues of cold polar air from mid-latitudes into lower latitudes is another a distinctive feature of low-latitude weather called a polar outbreak

    43. Tropical Cyclones hurricanes (western hemisphere) and typhoons (western Pacific in Asia) and cyclone in Indian Ocean develop over warm ocean surfaces between 8° and 15° latitude, migrate westward and curve toward the poles Tropical cyclones often create tremendous damage due to high winds, high waves, flooding (storm surges) and heavy rains

    44. Hurricanes

    47. Hurricanes characteristic central “eye” (clear skies and calm winds) air descends from high altitudes, warming wind speeds are highest at the “eye wall” winds spiral outward creating high wind speeds

    48. Simpson-Saffir Scale of Tropical Cyclone Intensity Categories 1 to 5 (5 is the most intense and devastating) categorized by central pressure, storm surge wave height and mean wind speed

    49. Simpson-Saffir Scale of Tropical Cyclone Intensity

    50. Impact of Tropical Cyclones low pressure, high winds and the shape of bays can produce sudden rise in water level (storm surge) flooding may occur inland activity varies from year to year (number and strength) season usually from May to November in the south Atlantic region

    51. The atmospheric circulation the atmospheric circulation transfers heat from equatorial regions toward the polar regions by: the Hadley cell circulation, air mass movement Rossby waves tropical cyclones

    52. The Atmospheric Circulation

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