Professor Michael Palmer Presentation to Schnitzer West, LLC Seattle, Washington

1. “Liquidity, Liquidity EverywhereBut Not a Drop to DrinkLiquidity, Liquidity Everywhereand all the Banks did Shrink”With sincere apologies Samuel Coleridge and the Rime of the Ancient Mariner Professor Michael Palmer Presentation to Schnitzer West, LLC Seattle, Washington September 24, 2008

2. Quick Bio • Michael Palmer, Professor of Finance, Leeds School of Business, University of Colorado. • Education: Ph.D. University of Washington, 1967 (Finance and Macro-economics) • Visiting Professor Status: Kansai Gaidai University, Osaka, Japan; Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Semester at Sea • Academic Director: London Seminar in International Finance

3. Punch Line • We have experienced an unprecedented freezing of global financial markets which is now affecting real economic activity. • Financial markets are showing some sign of thawing, but is it too little and too late to avoid a major global slowdown?

4. Theme #1 • Current financial crisis is not a liquidity crisis!

5. Liquidity is Not the Issue There’s plenty of liquidity Borrowing from the Fed, $bn • Fed’s Discount Window Facility and 28 and 84-day TAF program; 2008 data: • Discount Window (Primary) borrowing : $180bn • Primary Dealer Credit Borrowing: $117bn • Term Auction Facility: $1.7tr • Fed buying 3 month commercial paper from issuers. • Specific companies: • AIG: $85 billion (US Treasury) + $38bn (Federal Reserve) • Fed assets have ballooned to $1.8tr, or 12% of GDP – double from last year.

6. Foreign Central Banks and Governments have also Expanded Liquidity United Kingdom Euro-Zone ECB permits approximately 1,900 member country (15) banks to raise 3- and 6-month funds through weekly auctions. Funds injected through October 8: $590bn. October 6, 2008: German Government announced a state-lead rescue package for commercial property lender Hypo Real Estate. Estimated injection: $68bn. • September 19, 2007: The Bank of England announced that it would conduct auctions to provide funds to banks at 3 month maturity. • Expected injection with this program: $350bn • October 8, 2008: Government announced it would buy shares in UK banks • - Estimated injection: $90bn to 135bn

7. U.S. Financial System has Plenty of Reserves (Depository Institutions) Excess Reserves Non-Borrowed Reserves Total – Borrowing from Fed Average Monthly Data ($Bn) 2005 through 2007: $43.5 2008 (Jan – Aug): -$92.0 • = Total Reserves* - Required** • Average Monthly Data ($Bn) • 2005 through 2007: $1.7 • 2008 (Jan – Sep): $8.5*** • *Deposits at Fed + Vault Cash • **Legal Reserves against Deposits • ***$6.0Bn in September

8. But Reserves Are Not (Yet) Showing up in Money Supply Growth M2 Growth* Commercial Loans* Aug 4-8, 2008: $42.4Bn Aug 6-10, 2007: $39.7Bn Aug 7-11, 2006: $44.0Bn Aug 1-5, 2005: $48.0Bn *Commercial and industrial loans made by large domestic commercial banks. Data are collected during the middle month of each quarter. • 3 Months, May 2008 to Aug 2008: 1.5% • 6 Months, Feb 2008 to Aug 2008: 3.3% • 12 Months, Aug 2007 to Aug • 2008: 5.3% *Percent change an seasonally adjusted annual rates.

9. What have Financial Institutions Done With Their New Liquidity? Strategy #1 3-month TED Spread • Investing in Safe-Haven Financial Assets • Increase in Risk Aversion • Represented by TED Spread • Three month U.S. dollar Libor – Three month U.S. T-Bill rate. • Early 2007 spread 20 basis points. • Oct 14, 2008 spread reached 445 basis points (the largest since data collection began in 1984)

10. Impact of Safe Haven on Yields Strategy Yield Curve: Oct 2007 to Oct 2008 • Investing in Safe-Haven Financial Assets • Increase in Risk Aversion • Moving into Treasury Bills • Biggest impact on short segment of U.S. yield curve • Pushing down the short end of the curve. • Fed policy also affecting this segment.

11. Financial Institutions Hesitate to Lend to One Another or to End-User Market Strategy #2 U.S., U.K. and Euro-Zone • Hoarding Reserves • Represented by spread of LIBOR over Central Bank policy interest rates • Early 2008 U.S. spread was around zero. • Currently spread is around 200 basis points. • Increasing deposits with central banks. • Banks deposited a record amount of cash with the ECB (182.6bn euros) on Oct 13th

12. Financial Institutions Are Increasing their Deposits with Central Banks • In addition to investing in safe haven assets, commercial banks are also increasing their deposit holdings at their respective central banks. • ECB data: • Friday, Oct 10, 2008: Bank deposits with ECB totaled 154.7Bn euros. • Monday, Oct 14, 2008: Bank deposits with ECB totaled a record 182.8Bn euros.

13. Theme #2 • Current financial crisis has little to do with interest rates!

14. Central Bank Interest Rates on the Way Down Central Bank Target Rates Through Oct 8, 2008 • Key short term central bank rates are coming down. • U.S. response earlier and deeper. • From cycle peak: • U.S. 5.25% (6/06) – 1.5% • Easing began: Sept 2007 • U.K. 5.75% (7/07) – 4.5% • Easing began: Dec 2007 • Euro-zone 4.25% (7/08) – 3.75% • Easing began: Oct 2008 • Other central banks are lowering rates as well (Australia, India)

15. Are European Central Banks Abandoning their Inflation Targets? Bank of England European Central Bank Inflation targeting adopted in 1997 through an amendment to original treaty of Rome. Inflation target: “Below, but close to, 2% over the medium term.” Current CPI inflation (June – Aug): 3.9% ECB meets their inflation target through setting an “appropriate level of the key interest rates.” • Inflation targeting adopted in May 1997 and set by Government. • Current CPI Inflation target: 2.0% • Current inflation (Oct): 4.7% • Bank of England “seeks to meet the inflation target by setting an interest rate.”

16. Why Might Lowering Interest Rates Not Work? Keynesian Liquidity Trap Elastic Demand for Reserves • Are we approaching, or perhaps already in, some form of the Keynesian liquidity trap? • “Liquidity-preference may become virtually absolute in the sense that almost everyone prefers cash to holding a debt which yields so low a rate of interest. In this event the monetary authority would have lost effective control...” • General Theory (1936) • Monetary policy will not work at this point because lenders are not willing to make loans.

17. Bank Lending Rates Have Come Down, but Loans have Not Gone Up Commercial Loans* Interest Rate on Loans* Aug 4-8, 2008 4.36% Aug 6-10, 2007 7.00% Aug 7-11, 2006 7.14% Aug 1-5, 2005 5.32% *Weighted average effective loan rate, calculated from the stated rate and other terms of the loans. • Aug 4-8, 2008: $42.4Bn • Aug 6-10, 2007: $39.7Bn • Aug 7-11, 2006: $44.0Bn • Aug 1-5, 2005: $48.0Bn • *Commercial and industrial loans made by large domestic commercial banks. Data are collected during the middle month of each quarter.

18. Lessons from Japan? Paul Krugman (1998) has argued that Japan fell into a liquidity trap in the 1990s. Japan was very slow to react. Monetary policy became useless because banks stopped lending. Credit freeze! Fiscal policy in the form of large public projects finally moved Japan out of recession. But Government debt now 180% of GDP (US: 80%)

19. Theme #3 • Authorities seem to be treating the current crisis (in varying degrees) as an liquidity problem. • Fed of New York (Oct 8), announcing an additional $37.8bn for AIG stated: This new action will help AIG “replenish liquidity…” • But, the current crisis is about(1) insolvency concerns and a resulting (2) credit freeze! • It’s really about a loss of confidence.

20. Interbank Lending is the Problem • Domestic and interbank lending markets are frozen. • Liquidity is there, but banks have been reluctant to lend to one another. • Federal funds market. • LIBOR market.

21. What is LIBOR and why is it Important? • LIBOR: The London Interbank Offer Rate is the interest rate that large banks charge one another for 10 foreign currency denominated loans (deposits) ranging from overnight out to 12 months. • Set each day in London around noon through the BBA by a representative panel of commercial banks. • US dollar LIBOR the most important. • It is estimated that $360tr of financial products worldwide, from mortgages to company loans and derivates, is tied to a LIBOR rate. • Other regional markets have similar interbank rates (HIBOR, in Hong Kong).

22. Retail Lending is the Problem Commercial Paper Markets Shift to Short Term • Key source of short term funding is drying up. • Especially for longer term (3-month) paper. • Last year outstanding commercial paper: $2.2tr • Recently: $1.6tr (3 year low) • Most of it 1 to 4 days maturity. • Markets do NOT want to lend • Prime money market funds pulled $200bn from this market from Sept 16 to October 8th

23. Bond Spreads are Increasing Pre-Financial Crisis Now October 14, 2008 Corporate: Aaa: 6.55% Baa: 8.86% Spread: Baa – Aaa +231 basis points Government 10 year 4.08% Spreads (over 10 year Government rate) Aaa: +247 basis points Baa: +478 basis points • September 20, 2007 • Corporate: • Aaa: 5.88% • Baa: 6.73% • Spread: Baa- Aaa • + 85 basis points* • Government • 10 year 4.69% • Spreads (over 10 year Government rate) • Aaa: +119 basis points • Baa: +204 basis points * 1934 – 2003 spread = 103 basis points

24. U.S. Bond Markets • U.S. corporate bond sales were at their lowest September level since 2000. • September 2008: $11.7bn • September 2007: $32.7bn • “Corporate borrowing options have dwindles as the investment grade bond market (Baa and above) remained all but closed for a fifth week.” (Bloomberg, Oct 8) • Companies like Gannett (the largest newspaper company in the U.S.) and Southern have had to forego issuing debt. • The new issue market is especially troubling for financial firms, which have about $145 billion in fixed- and floating rate debt maturing in the rest of 2008, according to JPMorgan data. • Overall corporate bond spreads have hit record highs , closing on October 2 at 339 basis points, up from 317 at the start of the month.

25. Theme #4 • Until we understand the current situation, we cannot offer appropriate and lasting solutions.

26. Financial Markets • Financial markets work best when participants have confidence in dealing with one another and with the “value” of the assets they are involved in. • Today, confidence has broken down. • Confidence regarding the solvency of borrowers. • Confidence regarding the solvency of lenders. • Confidence regarding the “market-values” of financial assets. • Confidence regarding the “tradability” of financial assets. • Confidence regarding the regulation of markets. • Confidence regarding policy makers. • Etc.

27. Lack of Confidence • When confidence breaks down, financial markets cease to function (efficiently). • Examples: • Interbank market – which has been regarded as close to risk free- suddenly freezes up. • High investment grade companies are forced out of the long term bond markets. • High investment grade companies struggle to raise short term funds.

28. Will $700Bn Bailout Restore Confidence? • On Oct 3, Congress passed a $700Bn bailout package. • In and of itself will this restore confidence? I don’t think so. • Issue: What if “toxic” loans are removed from the balance sheets of financial institutions? • Will the credit markets “unfreeze?” • Will the interbank market “unlock?” • Will financial institutions continue to seek “safe haven investments?”

29. Will The Injection of Government Money into the Equity Position of Banks Restore Confidence? • U.S. announced that they will inject $250Bn into banks through the purchase of preferred stock. • What will banks do with these funds? • With this action, combined with the $700bn bailout, there is the issue of “moral hazard.” • Essentially rewarding bad behavior and setting a precedent for future bailouts. • French model: (Oct 20) Announced that they would invest $13.99 billion (in subordinated debt) in the country's six biggest banks by year-end on condition that they increase lending to companies, households and local governments.

30. Will a More Globally Coordinated Policy Response Restore Confidence? • Over the last two weeks, central banks have engaged in coordinated policy actions: • Central banks are taking equity positions in their big banks. • FED, BOE, and ECB all lowered their key short term target interest rate by 50 basis points. • Central banks have agreed to provide unlimited dollar funds to financial institutions in Europe and Asia. • Trying to bring down the overseas dollar rate. • Central banks are lending to corporate borrowers in their money markets.

31. Key: Restoring Confidence • How might financial market confidence be restored? • Greater transparency by all participants, but especially: • Originators of new financial products. • Risk evaluation services. • Major financial institutions, include government organizations. • Policy makers. • Acting as lenders of last resort to end users. • Through globally coordinated action

32. Theme # 5: Looking at the Big Picture • What About the Economy? • How Did we Get Where we Are Today? • Where Are we Today? • Where Are we Going?

33. How Did We Get Here? Recent History Lead to Increasing domestic debt Explosion of household debt. Deteriorating current account balance Increasing foreign ownership of U.S. debt Easing spreading to the housing market • Easy monetary policy fueled economic growth • Generally a period of low and falling inflation • China Effect • Resulted in low interest rates (falling cost of debt) • Long Equity Bull Market Bull • Increasing wealth effect

34. Fed Policy and Economic Growth Monetary Policy Economic Growth

35. Inflation and Interest Rates Inflation Long term Interest Rates

36. Relationship of Inflation to Long Term Interest Rates

37. Consumer Credit and Household Debt Consumer Credit Household Debt Service Ratio

38. Equity Markets: Wealth Effect 1990’s 2000 – Oct 2007

39. Impact on Housing Sector

40. Mortgage and Housing Markets Mortgage Markets Housing Prices

41. Where are we Today? • Financial crisis spilling over to real economy • Recent announced job cuts (downsizing) • Surveys of consumer holiday buying intentions • Housing lead slowdown (recession?) • Bloomberg GDP survey: 3Q: -0.2%; 4Q: -0.8% • Falling asset prices • Equities and real estate • Stock market generally a leading indicator of a recession • Frozen credit markets • Weakened financial institutions • Weak household balance sheets • Global contagion (economic slowdowns coupled with rising cost of developing nation debt) • Loss of confidence (in markets, in financial institutions, in regulators and policy makers)

42. Leading Indicators of Economic Activity Useful Leading Indicators Stock Prices Shaded area is a NBER dated recession. • Conference Board’s Leading Indicator Series • Indicates direction of economy over next 3 to 6 months. • Oct: • Sept +0.3% • Aug – 0.9% • Stock prices

43. So Where is the Economy Headed? • Consumer spending is the key. • Represents about 68% of GDP (2006)* • Services: 38%; Durables: 10%; Non-durables: 20% • Private Investment about 17%** • Housing: 3.5%; Producers durables: 11% • Government Expenditures about 17% • Federal Government: 5%; State/Local: 12% *Consumer sector represented 66.5% of GDP from 1996-2006 **Private Investment represented 25.2% and housing 1.6% of GDP from 1996 to 2006

44. So What About the Consumer? • Consume spending will be affected by: • Confidence (contagion effect of financial crisis) • Income levels (income and unemployment effects) • Wealth effects (stock market and housing prices effect)

45. Signals from Today: How is the Consumer Likely to React in the Future? Consumer Confidence Unemployment Rate (Sept 6.1%)

46. Signals from Today: How is the Consumer Likely to React in the Future? Earnings Growth Wealth Effect: DJA Down 38% from high

47. Wealth Effect: Housing Prices Housing Price Data 1975 – 2Q2008 • During the 25-year period from 1975 through 1999, real house prices stayed within the range of $132,000 to $171,000. • Only since the year 2000 have real house prices risen above this range. • The United States median price was at approximately $206,500 as of the second quarter of 2008. • This is 21% higher than the previous housing boom peak of an inflation-adjusted $170,900 in 1989. • Nominal prices peaked in 2Q2006 at $252,514. Currently at $206,500 (-18%)

48. Regional Impacts of Housing Los Angeles: Sept 06: -26% Seattle: July 07: -7%

49. Where are Financial Markets Headed? Are we at the Bottom? • Indications of some financial market thawing out • LIBOR (dollar) rates easing (Oct 22, overnight USD at 1.12% has fallen to lowest level since 2004). • TED spread easing (from 434 a week ago to 250 now). • Interbank rates easing (globally, in Asia and Europe). • Commercial paper rates easing (Oct 22, 30-day paper at 1.93% at lowest level in 4 years). • Money market fund rates easing. • Recent money supply growth. • Perhaps some confidence is coming back, BUT spreads are still historically high suggesting the thaw still has a way to go. • Future short term and longer term problems? • Mounting credit card delinquencies • BofA lost $373 million in the 3rd quarter on card services unit. • Falling U.S. savings rate might discourage household consumption (if rebuilding savings takes place). • Rising Federal government deficit.

50. Is the Federal Reserve Running out of Traditional Options? Traditional Policy Tools Contemporary Approach Lender of last resort to important financial markets. Oct 21: Providing $540bn to money market mutual funds so they can meet redemptions. Unfreeze frozen markets Expand direct lending beyond the commercial paper market where needed. But, Fed assets are ballooning, $1.8tr, or 12% of GDP – double from last year. • Fed funds rate now at 1.5% • Running out of downside room? • Discount window borrowing facility has been expanded to non-commercial bank borrowers. • Reserve ratio remains unchanged.