The Immune System

1. The Immune System By Frederick Oliver Warrender Danny Toms Kiley Quinn

2. Intro to the Immune System • Complex structures and processes within the body that protect against disease • Able to detect a wide variety of disease • Involves cell-mediated and humoral response to disease • Adapts to defend against evolving viruses and pathogens

4. Components • Thymus • Spleen • Lymphatic System • Bone Marrow • White Blood Cells • Antibodies • Humoral Response • Cell-mediated Response

5. Cell-mediated Response • Involves activation of specialized cells, such as T lymphocytes, for immunization • Activates killer macrophages and natural killer cells to destroy pathogens • Influences adaptive immune responses and innate immune responses

6. Humoral Response • Production of antibodies and the accessory processes that accompany them • B cells turn into plasma cells which are able to secrete antibodies • Antibodies bind to antigens, which are then flagged for destruction

7. Thymus • Located in front of the heart and behind the sternum • Immature cells from bone marrow enter the thymus and develop T cell receptors • A selection process in the thymus eliminates dysfunctional T cells and chooses functional T cells • The functional T cells reach maturity and are secreted

8. Spleen • Red Pulp- Mechanically filters red blood cells • White Pulp- Active immune response through both cell-mediated and humoral response • Creates red blood cells and lymphocytes

9. Lymphatic System • Part of the circulatory system • Carries lymph, which is recycled blood plasma • Removes interstitial fluids from tissue • Absorbs and transports fats and fatty acids • Transports white blood cells to the lymph nodes and bones

10. Bone Marrow • Flexible tissue inside bones • Produces 500 billion blood cells per day • Produces lymphocytes for the immune system response

11. Antibodies • Also known as immunoglobulins • Each respond to a specific bacteria, virus, or toxin • Once bound to an antigen, the antibody can stop movement of the antigen and signal T cells to destroy the antigen

12. White Blood Cells • The most important part of the immune system • A wide variety of different cells that work together to destroy pathogens • Includes T cells, B cells, Natural Killer Cells, Macrophages, Lymphocytes, and many more

13. A slide with no useful information at all • Just filling in the gap between the last slide and the next one (which will be along in just a moment). • No need to write this down, unless you feel compelled to do so. • Nothing on this slide is examinable. • In fact, I'm not really sure why I bothered with it.

14. Ways to hurt the Immune System • Mechanical Damage- such as breaking a bone • Genetic Disease- caused by a coding error in the DNA • Malnutrition- not getting enough vitamins and minerals for proper function • Cancer- uncontrollable cell reproduction • HIV/AIDS- destroys T cells

15. HIV/AIDS • Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Attacks immune system cells by reproducing inside T cells and killing them in the process • Without the T cells the immune system collapses and the victim is extremely vulnerable to otherwise harmless diseases

16. Cancer • Abnormal cells reproduce and grow uncontrollably, creating tumors • The cancer cells may spread throughout the body using the lymphatic system or bloodstream • There are many types of cancer and many ways it is caused, such as radiation from sunlight, tobacco use, pollutants, etc. • The symptoms of cancer usually depend on the type of cancer

17. Lupus • The immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks healthy tissue • Antibodies become unable to discriminate antigens from healthy tissue, and attack both • Affects skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, blood, and joints • Causes inflammation and damage to organs and joints