Blue People of Troublesome Creek

2. Blue People of Troublesome Creek

3. Blue People of Troublesome Creek • 1820 - French orphan Martin Fugate settled in Troublesome Creek • Married Elizabeth Smith - 7 children of whom 4 reported to be ‘blue’ • Many consanguineous marriages (normally cousin - cousin) • One of their sons married an aunt

4. Blue People of Troublesome Creek • 6 generations later Ben Stacy born (1975) • Ben’s skin blue - no apparent cause • (1998) lips and fingernails still blue when stressed • What is the cause? Treatment? • Madison Cawein (1960 ) proposed answers

5. Mendelian Genetics

6. Genetics Facts & Fallacies Quiz • Certain acquired characteristics, such as mechanical or mathematical skill, may be inherited. • Identical twins are always of the same sex. TRUE TRUE

7. Genetics Facts & Fallacies Quiz • Fraternal twins are more closely related to each other than to other children in a family. • The father determines the sex of a child. FALSE TRUE

8. Genetics Facts & Fallacies Quiz • Fraternal twins are more closely related to each other than to other children in a family. • The father determines the sex of a child. TRUE TRUE

9. Genetics Facts & Fallacies Quiz • Each parent contributes half of a child’s genetic make up. • Certain drugs or alcohol can cause birth defects in a fetus. TRUE TRUE

10. Genetics Facts & Fallacies Quiz • Colorblindness is more common in males than in females. • A person may transmit characteristics to offspring, which he, himself does not show. TRUE TRUE

11. Genetics Facts & Fallacies Quiz • Identical twins are more closely related than fraternal twins. • Certain inherited traits may be altered by the stars, moon, or planets early in development TRUE FALSE

12. Genetics Facts & Fallacies Quiz • Humans have 23 chromosomes. • The tendency to produce twins may run in families. FALSE TRUE

13. Genetics Facts & Fallacies Quiz • A craving for food such as strawberries may cause a birthmark on an unborn child. • Many of a person’s inherited traits are not apparent. FALSE TRUE

14. Genetics Facts & Fallacies Quiz • The parent with the stronger “will-power” will contribute more to a child’s inheritance than the other parent. • If a person loses a limb in an accident, it is likely that he or she will have a child with a missing limb. FALSE FALSE

15. Genetics Facts & Fallacies Quiz • Gregor Mendel was a monk and is known as the “Father of Genetics” based on his experiments with pea plants. • Children born to older parents usually lack the vitality of those born to younger parents. TRUE FALSE

16. Genetics Facts & Fallacies Quiz • The total number of male births exceeds females births each year. • If a male mutt dog mates with a pedigree (show quality) female dog, all future litters of the pedigree will have some characteristics from the mutt male. TRUE FALSE

17. Genetic Terminology Trait • _____ - any characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring. • _________ - passing traits from parent to offspring • __________ - study of heredity Heredity Genetics

18. Genetic Terminology Alleles • ________ - two forms of a gene (dominant and recessive)

19. Genetic Terminology Dominant • ___________ - stronger of two genes expressed in the hybrid: represented by a capital letter (R). • ___________ - gene that shows up less often in a cross; represented by a lowercase letter (r). Recessive

20. Genetic Terminology Genotype • ___________ - gene combination for a trait (ex. RR, Rr, rr) • ____________ - the physical feature resulting from ta genotype (tall, short) Phenotype

21. Genetic Terminology Homozygous genotype • _________________________ - gene combination involving two dominant or two recessive genes (ex: RR or rr): also called _______. • _________________________ - gene combination of one dominant and one recessive allele (ex: Rr); also called ________. pure Heterozygous genotype hybrid

22. Genetic Terminology Monohybrid Cross • __________________ - cross involving a single trait • _______________ - cross involving two traits Dihybrid Cross

23. Genetic Terminology Punnett Square • ________________ - used to solve genetics problems. (based on probability)

24. Fundamentals of Genetics Heredity • __________ = the passing of traits from __________ to __________. • Transmitted by means • of information stored • in molecules of _______. parents offspring DNA

25. Fundamentals of Genetics heredity Genetics • ___________ = scientific study of __________ Based on knowledge that traits are transmitted by ________________. chromosomes

26. Fundamentals of Genetics chromosomes genes • Our ______________ are made up of our ________, which are pieces of ______ that code for certain ______. • For example, both of our chromosomes might contain the genes for hair texture or height. DNA traits

27. Fundamentals of Genetics • Humans have ____chromosomes in their somatic (body) cells. • ____ chromosomes from your mom and ____ from your dad. 46 23 23

28. Fundamentals of Genetics • Since an organism receives genes from _______ parents it is not exactly like either parent but like _______ parent in some ways. both each

29. Fundamentals of Genetics Environment • ____________ = all the outside forces that act on an organism. • Affects the development, later life, and the expression of heredity traits of an organism.

30. Fundamentals of Genetics • WHAT MAKES YOU WHO YOU ARE TODAY? • _______________________ are the two great influences, acting together all through your life. Heredity & Environment

31. Fundamentals of Genetics • Genetic messages determine what organisms ______ become. • The interaction of messages and the environment determines what organisms ______ become. may do

32. Fundamentals of Genetics • Organisms inherit ____________________, not traits! • Traits develop when genetic messages interact with the environment. genetic message

33. Gregor Mendel • Gregor Mendel - ________________________ - Austrian monk • Between 1856 and 1963 his research with ________________ led to the discovery of heredity. • Did a statistical study of traits in garden peas over an eight year period. “Father of Genetics” garden peas

34. Gregor Mendel • Garden peas were a good choice for experimentation because: • They can be _______________________. • They display ___________________ in one of two contrasting forms: height – tall/short seed color – yellow/green • They are normally ___________________ plants and are very easy to cross-pollinate. cultivated quickly several traits self-pollinating

35. Gregor Mendel • Mendel used logical _______________ methods and kept careful __________. • He used math principles of ______________ to interpret results experimental records probability

37. Gregor Mendel • Mendel studied pea traits, each of which had a dominant and a recessive form (_______). • The ___________ (shows up most often) gene or allele is represented with a ______________, and the _______________ with a ___________ of that same letter (ex. B, b). alleles dominant capital letter recessive gene lower case

38. Gregor Mendel • Mendel’s traits included: a. seed shape – round (R)or wrinkled (r) b. seed color – yellow (Y) or green (y) c. pod shape – smooth (S) or wrinkled (s) d. pod color – green (G) or white (g) e. seed coat color – gray (G) or white (g) f. plant height – tall (T) or short (t) g. flower color – purple (P) or white (p)

39. Mendelian Genetics Overview alleles allele allele allele • The different forms or types of a specific gene are called __________. • For example, a GENE for eye color might have a blue _________, a brown _________, and a green _________. • In plants, a gene for flower color might have a purple allele and a white allele.

40. Mendelian Genetics Overview • Because our chromosomes are in _____ sets, we have two copies of each gene, ______ from our _____ and _____ from our _____. • If both of your parents gave us the ____________ of gene – the same allele – then we are . . . two one mom one dad same type • Because our chromosomes are in _____ sets, we have two copies of each gene, ______ from our _____ and _____ from our _____. • If both of your parents gave us the ____________ of gene – the same allele – then we are . . .

41. Mendelian Genetics Overview same HOMOZYGOUS or pure (on both sets of our chromosomes, on both sets of genes; the allele is the ______).

42. Mendelian Genetics Overview • If one parent gave us one type of gene and the other parent gave us a different type, then we are . . . • HETEROZYGOUS or hybrid – we have two different alleles.

43. Mendelian Genetics Overview blend DOMINANT • With MENDELIAN traits (the type of traits that Mendel studied), heterozygotes DO NOT have a _______ of the two alleles. • Instead, one type of allele dominates – • We show the characteristics of this allele only – it is the ____________ trait.

44. Mendelian Genetics Overview RECESSIVE The other version of the trait is still there on half of our chromosomes (so we might still pass it on to our children, depending on meiosis) BUT it DOES NOT affect us right now – it is the ____________ trait.

46. Mendelian Genetics Overview GENOTYPE physically PHENOTYPE Whether we are heterozygous, homozygous with the dominant trait, or homozygous with the recessive trait it is called our ___________ (type of genes that we have). Which trait we _____________ show is our _____________ (the type of allele that is expressed).

47. Mendelian Genetics Overview dominant allele recessive allele For example, if the __________________ of the eye color gene is brown and the __________________ of the eye color gene is blue, then the person could have the following possibilities:

48. Mendelian Genetics Overview mom dad homozygous recessive blue eyes • Two blue alleles, bb (one from ______, one from _____). • Genotype would be ______________ ___________ Phenotype would be ___________.

49. Mendelian Genetics Overview homozygous dominant brown eyes • Two brown alleles, BB (one from mom, one from dad). • Genotype would be ______________ ____________ Phenotype would be _____________.

50. Mendelian Genetics Overview heterozygous brown eyes • Two brown alleles, Bb (one from mom, one from dad). • Genotype would be ______________ Phenotype would be _____________.