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Do Now

Do Now. List as many words as you can think of to describe a body of water (example: ocean). Communication. Linguistics and the Arts. What do the following words mean?. Whalers Crisps Pop Trousers Sucker Billfold Thermals Kleenex. Linguistics.

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Do Now

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  1. Do Now • List as many words as you can think of to describe a body of water (example: ocean)

  2. Communication Linguistics and the Arts

  3. What do the following words mean? • Whalers • Crisps • Pop • Trousers • Sucker • Billfold • Thermals • Kleenex

  4. Linguistics • The essential function of language is communication • Language is the medium for the transition of culture • Human communication is no limited to spoken language

  5. Cognition • Not all people process the world in the same way. Cognition is based on both language and culture, as well as biology

  6. Non-human communication • Systems of communication are not unique to humans • Other animals communicate through sound, odor, and body movement

  7. The ability of gorillas and chimpanzees to learn sign language suggests symbolic communication is not unique to humans

  8. Vervet Monkeys

  9. Human Communication • Symbolic • Arbitrary in meaning • Open

  10. Symbolic • Language has meaning even when its referent in not present

  11. Arbitrary in meaning • There is no “natural” word for a thing. We “make-up” what to call it.

  12. Do Now: • See handout

  13. Open • Language is governed by complex rules about how sounds and sequences of sounds can be combined to produce an infinite variety of meanings

  14. Descriptive Linguistics • Also known as structural linguistics • Seeks to determine the rules of: • Phonology • Morphology • Syntax

  15. Phones • Phones are sounds • Phonology is the study of the rules that predict how sounds are made and used • Phonemes- a sound or setof sounds that makes a difference in meaning

  16. Morphs • The smallest unit of language that has meaning is a morph • Morphology is the study of how sound sequences convey meaning • Morphemes- one or more morphs with the same meaning

  17. Syntax • How words are strung together to form phases or sentences

  18. Lexicon • A list of a languages morphs and meanings

  19. Closure • Exit Ticket: Write down 3 things you learned about parts of speech.

  20. Do Now • If you could learn to speak another language which one would you learn? Why? (3 Sentences)

  21. Historical Linguistics • Historic linguistics seek to determine the origins and changes in languages over time

  22. Dialects • Variations on a language spoken in an area by several groups

  23. Origins of Language • Linguists study the origins of languages by comparing common elements in languages • Cognates-words that have the same meaning in multiple languages

  24. Protolanguages • Are presumed languages from which other languages originate • Proto-Indo European (about 50% of world languages) • Sino-Tibetan • Bantu • Native America Amarid

  25. Dyen List • A list of Proto Indo-European cognates

  26. English • English is an Indo-European language • English is a Germanic language

  27. Nearly 1/3 of English words are French in origin (1066 Norman invasion of England) • During the Renaissance Latin and Greek words are added to English

  28. Language Divergence • Both isolation and contact lead to the evolution of new languages • The isolation of the German Angles, Saxons, and Jutes on an island =English

  29. European colonization in the 1400-1700 = the spread of Spanish, English, and French • The spread of Islam = spread of Arabic

  30. Closure • Do you think the world is becoming more unilingual or multilingual? Why?

  31. Do Now • What other words can you use that mean the same thing as “kill”? (3 Sentences)

  32. Writing • Writing developed c.5KYA to keep track of planting cycles • Calendars were the first form of writing

  33. Writing evolved along the following lines • Ideograms- image = idea • Pictograms- image = what it is a picture of • Phonograms- image = a sound

  34. Alphabet • Our alphabet was originally developed by the Phoenicians • The Greeks adopted and modified the Phoenician alphabet

  35. The Romans adopted and modified the alphabet further • The alphabet was further changed by the Germansafter the fall of Rome

  36. Exit Ticket • Is it right for the military to use other words to describe killing? What effect might this have on our society?

  37. Do Now • Type 1- 4 Lines- What will a girl or guy do to show they like you?

  38. Exit Ticket • Why do you think people pick up on non-verbal communication clues so easily?

  39. Hieroglyphs • An Egyptian phonographic writing system • Rosetta Stone- important archaeological find that allowed for the translation of hieroglyphs

  40. Khipu • Also spelled quipu, an Incan writing method that uses knots to record information. In some ways it is similar to the binary code of computers

  41. Language and Culture • The way society views the world around it can be reflected in its language • More complex societies have larger vocabularies • Core Vocabulary- non-specialist vocabulary

  42. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis • Language also influences culture • Studies show societies whose languages have more gender emphasis developed gender concepts earlier

  43. Ethnography of Speaking • Speech can reveal social status • Lower class individuals generally speak heterogeneously, while high classes speak homogenously (Grammar) • Age, social standing, occupation can all be reflected in speech

  44. Ethnography of Speaking • Gender differences and biases are often seen in language • Directs vs. Indirect commands (How to Give Orders Like a Man) (Eastern vs. Western Cultures)

  45. Sociolinguistics • The study of culture and subculture patterns of speaking in different social contexts:

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