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The TELNET Protocol

The TELNET Protocol. Mozafar Bag mohammadi. Telnet. Telnet date back to late 1960s is generally consider the first network application. There are several RFCs are listed at the end of the lecture. Uses a client/server model to define a standard way in which to interact with a remote system.

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The TELNET Protocol

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  1. The TELNET Protocol Mozafar Bag mohammadi Netprog: TELNET

  2. Telnet • Telnet date back to late 1960s is generally consider the first network application. • There are several RFCs are listed at the end of the lecture. • Uses a client/server model to define a standard way in which to interact with a remote system. • The telnet protocol is the basis for many protocols • FTP, HTTP, SMTP, NTTP just to name a few. • They don’t open a telnet connection, just use the protocol. Netprog: TELNET

  3. Telnet (2) • While telnet should be a very simple protocol, it’s not. • It has to deal with all communications methods that different terminal and computers use. • It ensures compatibility between the terminal types and computers and still allow the special features used. Netprog: TELNET

  4. TELNET vs. telnet • TELNET is a protocol that provides “a general, bi-directional, eight-bit byte oriented communications facility”. • telnet is a program that supports the TELNET protocol over TCP. Netprog: TELNET

  5. The TELNET Protocol • TCP connection • data and control over the same connection. • Network Virtual Terminal • negotiated options Netprog: TELNET

  6. Network Virtual Terminal • All communications uses a standard terminal called NVT • The client takes input, translates into NVT sends it to the server, which translates to the representation that the computer uses. • Special Telnet commands are interspersed with the data to perform the functions needed to for the operation of the protocol Netprog: TELNET

  7. Network Virtual Terminal Server Process NVT NVT TCP TCP Netprog: TELNET

  8. Telnet Netprog: TELNET

  9. NVT ASCII Control Codes • Three mandatory codes • 0, Null • No operation, no effect on output • 10, Line Feed • Moves printer to the next line, keep same print position • 13, Carriage Return • Moves the printer to the left margin of the current line Netprog: TELNET

  10. NVT ASCII Control Codes(2) • Optional Codes • 7, Bell • 8, Back Space • Move the print position one character to the left • 9, Horizontal tab • 11, Vertical Tab • devices negotiate to agree on tab stops • 12, Form Feed • next page or clear the screen and put cursor at the top Netprog: TELNET

  11. NVT ASCII Control Codes(3) • End of line marker • Since different computers use different standards for the end of line marker, • CR+LF is defined as the end of line marker. Netprog: TELNET

  12. Negotiated Options • All NVTs support a minimal set of capabilities. • Some terminals have more capabilities than the minimal set. • The 2 endpoints negotiate a set of mutually acceptable options (character set, echo mode, etc). Netprog: TELNET

  13. Negotiated Options • The protocol for requesting optional features is well defined and includes rules for eliminating possible negotiation “loops”. • The set of options is not part of the TELNET protocol, so that new terminal features can be incorporated without changing the TELNET protocol. Netprog: TELNET

  14. Option examples • Line mode vs. character mode • echo modes • character set (EBCDIC vs. ASCII) Netprog: TELNET

  15. Control Functions • TELNET includes support for a series of control functions commonly supported by servers. • This provides a uniform mechanism for communication of (the supported) control functions. Netprog: TELNET

  16. Control Functions • Interrupt Process (IP) • suspend/abort process. • Abort Output (AO) • process can complete, but send no more output to user’s terminal. • Are You There (AYT) • check to see if system is still running. Netprog: TELNET

  17. More Control Functions • Erase Character (EC) • delete last character sent • typically used to edit keyboard input. • Erase Line (EL) • delete all input in current line. Netprog: TELNET

  18. Command Structure • All TELNET commands and data flow through the same TCP connection. • Commands start with a special character called the Interpret as Command escape character (IAC). • The IAC code is 255. • If a 255 is sent as data - it must be followed by another 255. Netprog: TELNET

  19. Looking for Commands • Each receiver must look at each byte that arrives and look for IAC. • If IAC is found and the next byte is IAC - a single byte is presented to the application/terminal (a 255). • If IAC is followed by any other code - the TELNET layer interprets this as a command. Netprog: TELNET

  20. commands • WILL option (to Enable an option) • Response is either • DO option, indicate agreement and enable option • DONT option, initiator must not use the option. • WONT option (to disable option) • Response must be • DONT option, option is disabled. Netprog: TELNET

  21. Command Codes • IP 243 • AO 244 • AYT 245 • EC 246 • EL 247 • WILL 251 • WON’T 252 • DO 253 • DON’T 254 • IAC 255 Netprog: TELNET

  22. Telnet Options • When a option needs more parameters • Use SB (subnegotiation) and SE (end subnegotiation )command • Example: negotiate the terminal type • (IAC is interpret as command) • IAC WILL Terminal-type • IAC DO Terminal-type • IAC SB terminal-type SEND IAC SE • IAC SB TERINAL-TYPE IS <type> IAC SE Netprog: TELNET

  23. Playing with TELNET • You can use the telnet program to play with the TELNET protocol. • telnet is a generic TCP client. • Sends whatever you type to the TCP socket. • Prints whatever comes back through the TCP socket. • Useful for testing TCP servers (ASCII based protocols). Netprog: TELNET

  24. Some TCP Servers you can play with • Many Unix systems have these servers running (by default): • echo port 7 • discard port 9 • daytime port 13 • chargen port 19 Netprog: TELNET

  25. telnet hostname port > telnet rcs.rpi.edu 7 Trying 128.113.113.33... Connected to cortez.sss.rpi.edu (128.113.113.33). Escape character is '^]'. Hi dave Hi dave stop it stop it ^] telnet> quit Connection closed. Netprog: TELNET

  26. telnet vs. TCP • Not all TCP servers talk TELNET (most don't) • You can use the telnet program to play with these servers, but the fancy commands won't do anything. • type ^], then "help" for a list of fancy TELNET stuff you can do in telnet. Netprog: TELNET

  27. RFCs • The first RFC specifically defining Telnet was RFC 97, First Cut at a Proposed Telnet Protocol, published in February 1971. • Telnet Protocol Specification, was published as RFC 854 in May 1983. • Telnet Option Specifications, RFC 855 Netprog: TELNET

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