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Announcements

Announcements. Program 3 due Friday Homework 2 out today, due Mon Read: Chapter 3. From last time. Yes! Any relational schema with two attributes is in BCNF. The “area” attribute does indeed refer to the size of a lot (eg, in acres). Is lots1A in 3NF? BCNF?. Decompositions.

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Announcements

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  1. Announcements • Program 3 due Friday • Homework 2 out today, due Mon • Read: Chapter 3

  2. From last time • Yes! Any relational schema with two attributes is in BCNF. • The “area” attribute does indeed refer to the size of a lot (eg, in acres) Is lots1A in 3NF? BCNF?

  3. Decompositions • Given a relation schema R that is not in 3NF (or perhaps BCNF) decomposition can be used to help fix this problem • Decomposition replaces R with R1,...,RN where • 1) attributes of Ri are a subset of the attributes of R • 2) each attribute of R is in at least one Ri • Binary decomposition: R  R1,R2

  4. Example Decomposition • Hourly_Emps relation with attributes • (Ssn, name, rating, hourly wage, hours worked) • FD: rating  hourly wage • Hourly_Emps is not in 3NF (why?) • Decompose Hourly_Emps into • R1: (ssn, name, rating) • R2: (rating, hourly wage) • Key question: can we recover any legal row in Hourly_Emps from rows in R1 and R2? Projections of Hourly_Emps

  5. Desirable Properties of Decompositions • Lossless-Join • A decomposition R  R1,R2 has the lossless join property if R can be exactly reconstructed from NATURAL_JOIN(R1,R2) • Dependency Preserving • A decomposition R  R1,R2 is dependency preserving if we can enforce all FDs on R by examining either only R1 or R2 whenever a row is inserted or modified • LJ property is essential, DP is nice • 3NF normalization w/ LJ & DP always possible • DP BCNF normalization may not be possible

  6. Example 1 of Lossy Decomposition

  7. Example 2 of Lossy Decomposition • Hourly_Emps relation with attributes • (Ssn, name, rating, hourly wage, hours worked) • FD: rating  hourly wage • Decompose Hourly_Emps into • R1: (ssn, rating) • R2: (rating, name, hourly wage) • Why?

  8. A test for lossless decomposition • The binary decomposition R with functional dependencies F into R1, R2 is lossless if and only if F contains either: • R1 ∩ R2  R1 or • R1 ∩ R2  R2 • That is, attrs common to R1 and R2 must be key of either R1 or R2. • Consequence 1: If FD X  Y holds over R and X ∩ Y is empty then decomposition of R into (R-Y) and XY is lossless. • Consequence 2: If R  R1, R2 AND R1  R1a, R1b are both lossless then R R1a,R1b,R2 is lossless.

  9. Normalization by Decomposition into BCNF • If R is not in BCNF, it is possible to obtain a lossless join decomposition into a collection of BCNF relation schmas • However, there may not by any dependency preserving decompositions into BCNF relations

  10. Normalization by Decomposition into BCNF • Suppose that R is not in BCNF and XA be a FD that violates BCNF • Decompose R into R-A and XA • If either R-A or XA is not in BCNF, decompose further by recursive application • In general there may be alternate ways to normalize to BCNF. The theory does not help discriminate among these.

  11. What about normalizing to 3NF • An dependency preserving algorithm for normalizing to 3NF exists • Extension of BCNF normalization approach • See section 11.2.3

  12. Summary of Database Design Theory • Constructing relation schemas is called DB design • Poor design can lead to insert, update and delete anomalies because of redundancy • Good design reduces redundancy by normalizing all relations to 3NF or BCNF • The theory of functional dependencies plays a major role in DB design

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