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Defining Democracy: Your own ideas. What are the essential characteristics of democracy? . Sources:. Robert Dahl, Polyarchy (1971) and On Democracy (1998)Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the late Twentieth Century (1991)Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy (1999)Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (1996)Freedom House
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1. Democracy, Part I Definitions and Directions
2. Defining Democracy: Your own ideas What are the essential characteristics of democracy?
3. Sources: Robert Dahl, Polyarchy (1971) and On Democracy (1998)
Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the late Twentieth Century (1991)
Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy (1999)
Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (1996)
Freedom House www.freedomhouse.org
The Economist Intelligence Units Democracy Index
4. General Point #1:Democracy is gettingmore popular
1900 no democracies (by standard of universal suffrage for competitive multiparty elections).
1950 22 democracies
2002 121/192 countries classified as electoral democracies.
5. Map of worlds political systems, 1900
6. Map of worlds political systems, 2000
9. Caveats:Not all democracies are equally free
89 Free countries
55 Partly Free countries
48 Not Free countries
(Source: Freedom House, 2003)
10. General Point #2:Mass democracy is modern Distinctions between earlier and later democracies:
1. direct democracy (vs elected representatives)
2. exclusion (vs inclusion)
3. civil and political rights?
11. Ways of Defining Democracy what it SHOULD be (normative)
(government by, of, for the people)
institutional characteristics -- by its PROCEDURES (approach favored by CP)
12. What is a democracy? One basic definition:
A system in which the most powerful decisionmakers are selected through fair and periodic voting procedures in which candidates freely compete for votes, and in which virtually all people have the right to vote.
(Samuel Huntington)
13. But is this enough? 8 essential components of a full (liberal) democracy: the right to vote
the right to be elected/eligibility for public office
the right of political leaders to compete for support and votes
free and fair elections
freedom of association
freedom of expression
alternative sources of information
institutions that make government policies actually depend on votes and other forms of (voter) preference
(Robert Dahl)
14. Levels of democracy (based on degrees of democracy): Full (liberal) democracy
Electoral democracy, semi-democracy, pseudo-democracy, Illiberal democracy
16. Democracy, Part II: Institutional Variations
17. Variation #1: degree of territorial & political centralization Federal System vs Unitary System
18. Federal system: Decentralized authority
sovereignty constitutionally split between at least two territorial levels
units at each level can act independently of the others in some areas.
Citizens have political obligations to two (or more) authorities
Examples: U.S., Canada, Germany
19. Unitary System: Authority & sovereignty centralized in one place (the capital)
Policies largely set by the center
No (or weak) intermediary layer between local and central government
Local govt subservient to central govt
Examples: Turkey, France, Britain
20. What are the pros and cons of federal and unitary systems?
21. Variation #2: Powers and processes of leadership Presidential VS parliamentary systems
22. a. Title & power of head of state Presidential system:
head of govt always called the president is elected for a prescribed period and generally cannot be dismissed unless guilty of severe wrongdoing.
Parliamentary system:
head of the government usually (but not always) called the Prime Minister. His/her cabinet responsible to the legislature (Parliament); can be dismissed through a vote of no confidence.
23. b. How head of state is chosen In Presidential System, presidents are popularly elected by populace
In a Parliamentary system, head of state (president) selected by the legislature.
Head of government (prime minister) usually is the leader of the ruling party.
27. c. Status of the head of state In a presidential system, president appoints the cabinet and they are considered subservient to him.
In a parliamentary system, the prime minister serves as one among equals
28. d. selection of the cabinet
In Presidential system, cabinet appointed separately by president
In a Parliamentary system, cabinet drawn in part from legislature
29. e. Length of term in office In a presidential system, legislators and presidents serve fixed terms
In a parliamentary system, legislators and presidents serve a maximum time in office but a ruling party can call early elections if it wants to
30. Notes: it is common in parliamentary systems to have a president or monarch who is the CEREMONIAL head of state, and a PM who is in charge of the government
Examples of Parliamentary systems: Britain, Turkey, South Africa, Germany
Examples of Presidential systems: U.S., most of South America
Many countries have mixed systems, i.e. France
31. Turkey chief of state: President Abdullah Gul
head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14 March 2003)
cabinet: Nominated by Prime Minister, confirmed by President
elections: prime minister selected from majority party, confirmed by president . President elected by parliament.
32. Example: Brazil chief of state: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1 January 2003)
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms
33. United Kingdom chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II
head of government: Prime Minister Gordon Brown
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually the prime minister
34. parliamentary system: pros and cons? + Strengthens parties over individuals
+ Encourages policy-based voting rather than voting based on individual charisma or $$
+ Fusing of legislative & exec. branches can promote efficiency
- Gives the public less choice over leadership
- Flexible election terms can = less stability
- Fusing of executive & legislative branches can concentrate too much power in one place
35. Presidential system:pros and cons? + Gives the people more choice over leadership
+ strong government- president more insulated and can act with daring
+ higher levels of government accountability
+ Greater stability
+ Clear separation of powers - Power of presidency can be abused
- Can encourage deadlock between legislature & executive
- Encourages charisma, $$, rather than substance & policies
- Set terms= rigidity (bad leaders cant be easily removed)
36. Institutional variation #3: Electoral systems
(how voting works:
who gets elected, and how)
37. Electoral systems: 2 main types 1- Plurality System (Winner-take-all system)
Single member districts; whoever gets the most votes wins the seat
used by about 54% of worlds countries
2- Proportional Representation (PR system)
Multi-member districts; # of reps. determined by % of vote
Used by about 35% of worlds countries, by most of western Europe
38. Plurality Systems Single-member electoral districts (usually)
Also called winner-take-all
Simplest & most common form: First Past the Post : winning candidate is the one who gains more votes than any other candidate, but not necessarily a majority of votes.
Alternative: Ranked Choice/Instant Runoff Voting
Encourages 2-party systems
Examples: U.S., U.K, Canada, Rwanda
39. Proportional Representation(PR) Multi-member electoral districts
Seats in legislature divided by % of votes.
Most common type: List system: parties select candidates, who goes to legislature depends on what % that party gets
preferential voting - voters rank preferences on party list
encourages multi-party system
Min. threshold (barrier): parties have to get a certain % of votes to enter legislature
Examples: Belgium, South Africa, Spain, Norway, Turkey, Brazil
46. Turkey: How Votes are Counted 550 seats in Parliament
85 electoral districts
Districts have from 2-26 representatives in the Parliament
PR List System (Closed List)
10 percent threshhold
48. Who won which provinces in Turkey, 2002 and 2007 compared
49. France 577 deputies in the National Assembly
577 legislative districts
single-district, plurality system (2 rounds of voting)
Candidates that win more than 50% in the first round win seat
If no one does, 2nd round: the candidate that wins the most votes wins the seat
50. Pros & Cons of Plurality Systems: + gives voters clear choice
+ maintains close geographic link between voters and elected officials
+ creates effective government -- clear majority party and unified opposition
- Not very representative; many votes wasted
- Excludes smaller & minority parties from representation
51. Pros & Cons of PR systems: + highly representative: all or nearly all votes count
+ encourages diversity & range of perspectives
+ Greater voter turnout - Can lead to fragmentation & ineffective govt.
- List PR, in particular, can weaken link between voters & elected officials (officials more loyal to party than voters)
52. Note: Many countries used mixed-PR systems: some sort of mixture between plurality & PR systems!
53. Examples: Mexico
500-person Chamber of Deputies
Elections every three years
Parallel voting: 300 deputies elected in single-seat constituencies by first-past-the-post plurality
Other 200 elected through PR voting with open-party lists
country is divided into 5 constituencies