Digital Image Processing Chapter 1: Introduction

1. Digital Image Processing Chapter 1: Introduction Dr. Mogeeb A. A. Mosleh E-mail : MogeebMosleh@Gmail.com

2. Agenda • What Is Digital Image Processing? • The Origins of Digital Image Processing • Fields that Use Digital Image Processing • Gamma-Ray Imaging • X-ray Imaging • Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band • Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands • Imaging in the Microwave Band • Imaging in the Radio Band • Other Imaging Modalities Are Used • Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing • Components of an Image Processing System

3. Encompasses processes whose inputs and outputs are images, Encompasses processes that extracts attributes from images, up to & including the recognition of individual objects. Computer Vision ≠ Image Processing. Paradigm = (Low, Mid, High) Levels Low: image preprocessing to reduce noise, contrast enhancement, and image sharpening. Mid: segmentation, Classification. High: making sense. Example: Automated Analysis of Text. Image Processing

4. E.g. automated analysis of text Processes: Acquire an image of the area containing the text Preprocessing the image Extracting (segmenting) the individual characters Describing the characters in a form suitable for computer processing Recognizing individual characters Image Processing

5. Goal – to use computer to emulate human vision, i.e. able to learn , make inference and take actions based on visual inputs Important in medical, law enforcement, satellite Image analysis – one of major topics: feature extraction-shape/color & pattern classification-higher level information Computer vision

6. Primitive operations e.g. image preprocessing to reduce noise, contrast enhancement, image sharpening Inputs & outputs are images Low-level processing http://www.birddigiscoper.com/blognw01.jpg http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/CVDICT/CVFIG5/img334.png http://generalspecialist.com/uploaded_images/green_sharpening.jpg

7. Segmentation Partitioning an image into regions and objects Recognition of individual objects Inputs are generally images but outputs are attributes extracted from those images (e.g. edges, contours, identity of individual objects) Mid-level processing

8. “making sense” of an ensemble of recognized objects, as in image analysis Involved image analysis as well as computer vision High-level processing

9. Definition • Image: F(x,y) • X & Y : are spatial (plane) Coordinate • Intensity (gray): amplitude of F at any pair of coordinates. • Digital Image: discrete quantities. (x,y,A) values are finite. • Digital image processing: processing digital images by means of a digital computer. • Pixel: is the term most widely used to denote the elements of a digital image. • Vision: is the most advanced of our senses. • Limitation of Vision: (EM, gamma to radio waves)

10. Digital Images in Early Era 1921Telegraphing image Printing industrial Textile industrial 1922: image from Photographic reproduction Using punched tape These images are not computerized processed. (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

11. Digital Images in Early Era (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

12. History of Computer Developments • idea of a computer ( 5000 years ago). • John von Neumann (1940): key concept. • Bell Laboratories (1948): invention of the transistor . • high-level programming languages (1950 – 1960): Fortran & Cobol. • Texas Instruments (1958): IC • operating systems: early of (1960s) • Intel (1970s): microprocessor • IBM (1980): Personal Computer • Jet Propulsion Laboratory (1964): using computer techniques for improving images from a space probe be • Involved image analysis as well as computer vision

13. Digital Image Processing in Early Space Projects From the 1960s until the present. (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

14. Fields that Use Digital Image Processing Energy Sources for Images (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

15. Electromagnetic Spectrum

16. http://www.windows2universe.org/physical_science/magnetism/images/em_spectrum_berkeley.jpghttp://www.windows2universe.org/physical_science/magnetism/images/em_spectrum_berkeley.jpg

17. Gamma Ray PET Bone scan • External source • Radioactive • isotope decay • Internal Source • Positron emission • Star • Nuclear reaction Cygnus loop Reactor valve (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

18. X-Ray PCB Chest X-Ray Angiogram Source : X-Ray tube Star Nuclear reaction Cygnus loop Head CT (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

19. Ultraviolet Normal corn Smut corm Fluorescence phenomenon Cygnus Loop (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

20. Visible Light and Infrared Cholesterol Taxol Microprocessor Organic superconductor Nickel oxide Thin film ? (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

21. Visible Light and Infrared Washington D.C. (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

22. Multispectral Imaging Hurricane Andrew (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

23. Nighttime light of the world (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

24. Nighttime light of the world (cont.) (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

25. Automated Visual Inspection (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

26. Automated Visual Inspection (cont.) (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

27. Microwave Spaceborne Radar image (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

28. Magnetic (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

29. Multispectral images (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

30. Seismic imaging (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

31. Ultrasound imaging (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

32. Electron Microscope Images (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

33. Synthesis Images (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

34. Contents in the book Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

35. General Purpose Image Processing System (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

36. Tutorial 1 • How image processing differs from computer vision? • How many processing levels are there in processing a digital image? Explain each level. • What is an electromagnetic spectrum? • Give examples of the applications that uses the following light source: • Visible spectrum • Radio waves • Ultraviolet • Install Matlab in your Computer.