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Il modernismo e le arti • “Three years ago in Paris I gotout of a ‘metro’ train at La Concorde, and sawsuddenly a beautiful face, and thenanotherand another, and then a beautiful child’s face, and thenanother beautiful woman, and I triedallthatdaytofindwordsforwhatthishadmeantto me, and I couldnotfindanywordsthatseemedto me worthy, or aslovelyasthatsuddenemotion. And thatevening, as I went home along the Rue Raynourd, I wasstilltrying and I found, suddenly, the expression. I do notmeanthat I foundwords, buttherecameanequation … not in speech, but in littlesplotchesofcolour. Itwas just that – a ‘pattern’, or hardly a pattern, ifby ‘pattern’ youmeansomethingyou ‘repeat’in it. Butitwas a word, the beginningfor me of a language in colour.” EzraPound, “Vorticism”, FortnightlyReview, 1 Sept. 1914 • The apparition of these faces in the crowd;/Petals on a wet, black bough. EzraPound, In a Station of the Metro
Impressionism • 1874: Monet, Impression. Sunrise • Mainrepresentatives: Manet, Monet, Degas, Renoir, Sisley, Pissarro • 1874-1886: EightExhibitions • Transcriptionofvisual reality asitaffected the retina of the painterwithin a discrete, short periodoftime • Tocapture the effectof light and colour in aninstantoftime
Impressionism2 • Connection withcontemporarywriting and thinkingaboutphotography • Connection withNaturalism • Recognitionof the subjectivityof the actofrepresentationaltranscription • Impressionismfetishized the roleof the subjectiveperception in the actofrepresentation • Thisaestheticdecisionwastorevolutionize, and definemodern art
Impressionism – techniques • Short thickstrokesofpaint • Coloursappliedside-by-side • Colours mix in the eyeof the viewer • Emphasis on the play ofnatural light • Painting en plein air
Monet Monet, Haystacks Monet, Haystacks
Impressionism in England • Paul Durand-Ruel:French art dealer. HeorganizedexhibitionsofImpressionism in England • London: 11 exhibitionsbetween 1870 and 1875 • 1882 – Exhibition at the DowndeswellGalleries • 1905- Exhibition at the GraftonGalleries
Neo-impressionismo or ScientificImpressionism • Georges Seurat • Paintingbased on the conscious and rigorousapplicationofcontemporaryscientifictheories on light and humanperception • Paintingreducedtoitssmallestelements – the molecule or dot • Works composedof discrete dots or pointsofcolourhence the nameofpointillisme or divisionism
Neoimpressionism Georges Seurat, A SummerSunday at the Grande Jatte, 1884
Post-impressionism • Termcoinedby Roger Fry in 1906 • Gauguin, Cézanne, Seurat, and Van Gogh a conscious departure from what these artists considered the narrowly optical art of impressionism
Cubism Pablo Picasso, LesDamoiselles d’Avignon, 1907
Cubism • Founders: Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), Georges Braque (1882-1963) • Break with the principleofonepointperspective • Attemptto render the three-dimensionalityofanobjectin the twodimensionsof the canvas • No fixed, single perspective • Collage technique
Cubism2 • Mainphases • 1909-12 AnalyticalCubism: objectsreducedtotheirgeometricalstructures, monochromaticpaintings in ordertocapture the “essentialqualities” of the picturedobject • 1912 onwardsSyntheticCubism: practiceof collage, elementsofpopular culture (wall-paper, posters, theatretickets etc.), emphasis on the artificialityof the image
Futurismo Giacomo Balla, Volo di una rondine
Futurismo Giacomo Balla, Volo di rondini
Futurism • Marinetti publishedIl Manifesto del Futurismo – Le Figaro 20 February 1909 • Manifesto dei Pittori Futuristi - 11 February 1910 (Boccioni, Balla, Carrà, Russolo, Severini) • Manifesto Tecnico della Pittura Futurista - 11 April 1910 (Boccioni, Balla, Carrà, Russolo, Severini)
Futurism 2 • Enthusiasmformodernity • Motion • Simultaneity • Technology • Speed • City • Beauty of the machine
Futurismo Giacomo Balla, Dinamismo di un cane al guinzaglio
Futurismo Umberto Boccioni, La città sale