Latin America: Population, Environment & Globalization

1. Diversity Amid Globalization Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Fifth Edition Latin America

2. Understand connections between population and environmental systems and resources • Discuss impacts of European colonization on the population and economy of the region • Examine role of Latin America in the contemporary global economy Learning Objectives

3. Transnationalism Columbian Exchange Syncretic Religions Treaty of Tordesillas Regional Trade Blocks Indigenous Organizations Maquiladoras Dependency Theory Neoliberalism • Deforestation • Fair Trade • Altitudinal Zonation • El Niño • Urban Primacy • Megacity • Rural-to-Urban Migration • Land Tenure and Reform • Remittances Key Concepts

4. From the Rio Grande to Tierra del Fuego • Most of Central America and South America • Shared Colonial History: Iberian Countries Setting the Boundaries

5. Multiethnic • Colonial landscape • Indigenous peoples Latin America Figure 4.1

6. Neotropical Diversity • Tropical Ecosystems of the Western Hemisphere Environmental Geography Figure 4.2 Southern Venezuela

7. Environmental Issues – Overview Wood Chips in Chile Figure 4.3 Figure 4.4

8. Satellite images, 1975 and 2001 • Rondônia, Brazil • What has changed? Environmental Issues (cont’d) Figure 4.5

9. Conversion of tropical forests for beef production Environmental Issues (cont’d) Figure 4.6

10. Mexico City • Air Pollution • Human causes • Physical geography Environmental Issues (cont’d) Figure 4.7

11. The Andes • The Uplands • The Shields • Large upland areas of exposed crystalline rock Topography – Western Mountains and Eastern Shields Figure 4.8 Lake Titicaca Patagonia Figure 4.10

12. Topography – River Basins and Lowlands Itaipú Dam Figure 4.12 Figure 4.11

13. Climate Shade Grown Coffee Figure 4.1.1 Figure 4.13

14. Altitudinal Zonation Figure 4.14

15. Urban Primacy • Megolopolis Population and Settlement Figure 4.16

16. Note variation in “Percent Urban” Demographic Indicators

17. Reflects colonial origins and contemporary growth Urban Form Figure 4.17

18. Informal Sector • Regional Names • ranchos • favelas • barrios jovenes • Pueblo nuevos Squatter Settlements Figure 4.18 Lima, Peru

19. Latifundia • Minifundia • Agrarian Reform • Agricultural Frontiers Rural Settlement Brazilian Amazon Figure 4.20

20. Rapid growth: 1960s and 1970s • Flows within and outside of Latin America Population Growth and Movements Figure 4.19

21. Rural-to-Urban Migration • Border Movements Population Movements (cont’d) • European Migration • Asian Migration Japanese Brazilians Mexican-U.S. Border Figure 4.22 Figure 4.21

22. Transnationalism • Social and economic links between home and host countries • Remittances • Monies sent home • Important flow of capital Latin American Immigration Figure 4.39

23. Demographic Collapse and Indigenous Populations • Columbian Exchange Cultural Diversity – Historic Tikal, Guatemala Figure 4.24

24. Indigenous Populations The Embera of Panama Figure 4.25

25. Cultural Diversity Catholic Church, Honduras Carnival, Rio de Janeiro Figure 4.27 Figure 4.28

26. Complex ethnic patterns • Persistence of indigenous language • Syncretic religions Cultural Diversity – Contemporary Interactions between European, African, and Indigenous Populations

27. Languages Figure 4.26

28. Treaty of Tordesillas • Revolutionary Movements and Independence • Persistent Border Conflicts • Trends Toward Democracy Geopolitical Framework Figure 4.30

29. Supranational • Trade Blocs • Subnational • Ethnicity/Ideology Regional Organizations Figure 4.32

30. Insurgencies and Drug Trafficking Columbian National Police Figure 4.34 Figure 4.33

31. Development Strategies GM Factory, Mexico Figure 4.35 Informal Sector in Peru Figure 4.36 Oil Production Figure 4.38

32. Overlapping Hydrocarbon concessions • Competing geographies of scale The Political Ecology of Extraction Figure 4.5.1

33. Dependency Theory • Neoliberal Policies • Dollarization Latin America in the Global Economy Figure 4.6.1 Center of trade and finance Figure 4.6.2 Panama Canal

34. Social Development Women’s Role in Politics Figure 4.40

35. Social Development Latin American Presidents Figure 4.41