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A 2.5V, 77-GHz, Automotive Radar Chipset

WE2B-5. A 2.5V, 77-GHz, Automotive Radar Chipset. Sean T. Nicolson 1 , Keith A. Tang 1 , Kenneth H.K. Yau 1 , Pascal Chevalier 2 , Bernard Sautreuil 2 , and Sorin P. Voinigescu 1

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A 2.5V, 77-GHz, Automotive Radar Chipset

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  1. WE2B-5 A 2.5V, 77-GHz, AutomotiveRadar Chipset Sean T. Nicolson1, Keith A. Tang1, Kenneth H.K. Yau1, Pascal Chevalier2, Bernard Sautreuil2, and Sorin P. Voinigescu1 1) Edward S. Rogers, Sr. Dept. of Electrical & Comp. Eng., University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada 2) STMicroelectronics, 850 rue Jean Monnet, F-38926Crolles, France

  2. Outline • Motivation • Transceiver architecture • Circuit design & layout + some device insight • Fabrication technology • Measurements • Conclusions

  3. Applications • W-band applications: 77GHz auto radar, 94GHz weather radar, imaging, data communications • All applications require a W-band radio transceiver.

  4. The Doppler Radar Transceiver Modulation • Doppler transceiver block diagram • Development steps • Design & test circuit blocks + optimize HBT for circuit performance • Integrate circuit blocks into transceiver • Duplicate to form arrays VCO freq. div. PA To PLL Antennae IF amp LNA Mixer

  5. Low-noise Amplifier 250mm • 3-stage design, add R1 to de-Q the final stage. • Noise & impedance matching including CPAD [Nicolson, 2006]. 1pF decoupling caps

  6. Power Amplifier • Primary goal: maximize PAE • common source, class AB operation

  7. Down-conversion Mixer • Classical Gilbert cell mixer has poorlinearity at 2.5V • Eliminate RF pair • Couple to LNA using transformer • Bias quad from center tap • Simulations • 9dB conversion gain • +3dBm OP1dB (1.25VPP/side) • 12.5mW PDC input

  8. Mixer + IF Amp Layout • Layout is critical at 77GHz.

  9. Frequency Divider • The most challenging block to operate from 2.5V. • Given sizes of Q1-Q6, the size of Q7 & Q8 can be optimized. • important: inductor size, swing, latch pair size, current density.

  10. Frequency Divider • The most challenging block to operate from 2.5V. • Given sizes of Q1-Q6, the size of Q7 & Q8 can be optimized. • important: inductor size, swing, latch pair size, current density.

  11. SiGe Technology [Chevalier, 2006] • 230/290GHz fT/fMAX SiGe HBT process • Several “process splits” to find optimal HBT profile. 14mA/mm2

  12. LNA Measurements • Fabricated & measured a 65nm CMOS LNA for comparison. • CMOS has more power supply variation (HBT feedback is stronger) • CMOS has low output resistance  higher bandwidth

  13. LNA Measurements • S21 vs. temp. shows 6dB variation up to 125C @ center band. • Again, upper band shows greater variation (less feedback). smaller change in gain here larger change in gain here

  14. PA Measurements • PAE = 15.7%, PSAT = +14 dBm, OP1dB = +11dBm

  15. Mixer + IF Amplifier Measurements • DSB noise figure of 13dB is pessimistic • harmonics from LO multiplier source, includes 3dB transformer loss. • Min. NF current density at 73GHz (common base) is 5.5mA/mm2.

  16. Frequency Divider Measurements • Operates up to 105.44GHz at 25°C and 97GHz at 100°C. • limited by power available from source.

  17. Performance of Process Splits • The best split is the reference, with the highest fMAX.

  18. Conclusions and Future Work • Excellent performance despite 2.5V supply. • SiGe divider 94GHz self-oscillation, and 75mW power consumption. • 77GHz power amplifier PAE of 15.7% • +5dBm OP1dB from Mixer + IF amplifier • -101.5dBc/Hz at phase noise at 1MHz offset • Transceiver currently in the fab • < 500mW power consumption (180mW for receiver, inc. VCO) • Contains only 33 HBTs (includes 16 in divider) + 2 MOS varactors.

  19. Acknowledgements • Ricardo Aroca and KatiaLaskin for measurement help • JaroPristupa and Eugenia Distefano for CAD/Network support • STMicroelectronics & CITO for fabrication and funding

  20. **Voltage-Controlled Oscillator • Minimize phase noise, supply & temp dependence [2], [3]. • Small LB, differential tuning • C1 + CBE >> CVAR, C3 cancels CBC

  21. VCO Measurements • Phase noise better than -100dBc/Hz at 77GHz [2], [3].

  22. More About Process Splits • LNA S21 for several process splits. • Reference split looks the best.

  23. More About Process Splits • PA saturated S21 for several process splits • Again, the reference split looks the best.

  24. More About Process Splits • PA S11 for several process splits

  25. Inductor Measurements • Accurately simulated/modeled [Dickson, 2005] passives ( ±1pH).

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