Unit 3 The Spread of English Beyond Britain

1. Unit 3The Spread of English Beyond Britain Targets: give examples of national and international languagesexplain how it happened that English came to be widely used asa second language and some of the different ways in which it is used understand the advantages of invented languages for international use and some of the reasons for their failure explain the uses of this information to teachers and students of English

2. Warm up • Understanding often means making distinctions. We have seen this before. we are going to make, some distinctions now — between languages of different kinds . • We have regional (Basque), national (Danish, Japanese), international (English Chinese, German) and global languages (English).

3. Activity 1 National Boundaries and National Languages • 1 Examining the Meaning of Language Attitudes how people feel about languages is called Language Attitudes. National language is one’s mother tongue. Regional makes feel like family/home. International P110-111 • 2 Finding out about the International Role of Standard English every important. Also used with differences, but it is a tool of international communication. So some people think we’d better keep English stable so that it’s easy for international communication. P113 • 3 Discovering How Emotionally Charged Issues of Language Use Can Be listen to the dialogue and look at the answers. read first then look at the answers. • 4 Summarizing What You Know about Attitudes to Different Categories of Language

4. Activity 2 English in the New World • 1 Listing the Events That Established English as the Language of North America read P119-121 • 2 Finding out How the United States Came to Be Known as the "Melting-pot“ first European people want to usa, then Asian. It is the destiny of all immigrants so we call usa the melting pot. do the excises on P123 listen to the dialogue and do exercises on P126 • 3 Examining Some Differences between American and British Spelling honuor = honor; travell= travel plough =plow threatre= threater car=automobile pavement=sidewalk • 4 Understanding What Is Meant by Saying That British and American English Are Mutually In­telligible

5. Activity 3 English Extends Across the World • 1 Finding out about the Spread of British Imperial Power look at the map on P132 tables on P133-134 the expansion of Britain empire to the world • 2 Inquiring How the Imperial Past Looks to the Present Generation listen to the dialogue and understand how the Imperial Past Looks to the Present Generation answer questions on P136 • 3 Undertaking a Mini-case Study: English and Education in India • 4 Undertaking a Second Mini-case Study: the Beginnings of Australia as a Penal Colony • 5 Trying a Quiz and Find Out How Much You Remember

6. Activity 4 After Empire: English in Today's World • 1 Examining the Question of the Number of Users of English • 2 Imagine inner outer, and Expanding Circles of English Language Users • 3 Discovering Some Unexpected Uses of English as an International Language listen to the dialogue and do the exercises P149-150 • 4 Understanding What Is Meant by Calling English a Global Language for an Information Agethe using of English in computer

7. Activity 5 Alternatives to English • 1 Estimating the Disadvantages of English as a Global Language from the Learners' Standpoint P153-154 • 2 Estimating the Disadvantages of English from the Native Speakers' Standpoint listen to the dialogue P154-155 do the exercises summary on P157 • 3 Examining the Alternatives: invented languages, nobody’s mother tongue, nobody’s native language P157-158 artificial and simplified natural language • 4 Considering What an Ideal Language for Global Use Would Be Like P158-159 • 5 Weighing the Possibilities of an Artificial or Sim­plified Natural LanguageP160 the table difficulties in the making of an artificial language P160-161 why no simplified natural language: the difficulties

8. summary • The world of the late 20th century needs an international language. • English is not ideally suited to international use. • No natural language can be politically and culturally neutral. An artificial language can be. • Artificial language can be designed to be easily and quickly learned. They too have serious drawbacks and so do simplified versions of natural languages. • Although interests in basic English is not high at present, a simplified version of English , perhaps Nuclear English offers promise for the future.

9. answers • Professor used three words to describe language. He said it is not just an intellectual and rational matter, but that feelings were involved. It is also an emotional issue. • Steven recalled a boy in his class who was bilingual. His mother tongue was Welsh. He was teased for the accent he used when he spoke English. • The Spanish government tried to stamp out Basque between the years 1937 and 1950s. • They stopped its use in education. Inscriptions were removed. Books in Basque were burnt. • The two languages named in the bill before parliament were Hindi and English. The crowd were demonstrating against the use of English. back

10. answers Dear Steven, I had a good journey from Beijing to London. The flight was quite smooth and I slept for part of the way. / was not at all nervous this time, and I en joyed the meals! You were so kind to me, and I shall never forget the wonderful things we saw. I never imagined I would see the Great Wall and the Forbidden City with my own eyes. Give my good wishes to your Chinese friends. / can't remember their names, but I shall never forget their kindness. They tried so hard to understand my accent! I know I don't sound at all like anyone they hear on the BBC! But they never laughed at me, or made me feel I was beneath their notice. Not like some people at home. That Mr. Parkes in the Bank keeps pretending that he doesn't understand me, and asking me to repeat what I said. He understands me perfectly well. When he was a little boy at school in the class one year below mine, he spoke exactly as I do. Still, I mustn't complain. He hasn't got a nephew like you Steven, and I doubt very much if he will ever see the Great Wall! Your loving auntie - Betsy Ormerod

11. Summarizing What You Know about Attitudes to Different Categories of Language • • Languages may be regional- used only in a restricted area. national—used within national boundaries. international—used outside national boundaries. global-used for communication world wide. • • English is one of several international languages, but it is the only language used worldwide, in places where there were never colonial settlements. • • The fact that Standard English varies only in superficial ways in different places makes its global use possible. • • Governments sometimes try to bring about language change deliberately. There is often angry resistance. • • The reason for this is that people often feel a strong emotional bond with the language they learned as their mother tongue. back

12. Listing the Events That Established English as the Language of North America 1584 sir Walter Raleigh sailed for the new world 1585 his second expedition to the new world 1590 the lost colony found abandoned 1620 English puritan settlers left Plymouth for the new world in the mayflower 1775 the American war of independence started 1783 end of the war usa set up • first census held. 90% of the population of British descent. back

13. Understanding What Is Meant by Saying That British and American English Are Mutually In­telligible • Between the early 17th century and the 18th century, the USA became the second English speaking nation, and is in the 20th century much more powerful and influential than the United Kingdom. • The English language had a special role in making a large population, from different parts of the world, into a single nation. • Although British English and American English are in some ways different, speakers of British English and American English understand each other without difficulty. This is also true of second language users who have learned from British and American teachers. • A more formal way of saying this is to say that British English and American English are mutually intelligible. back

14. English and Education in India • Every invasion would be the same: from exploration to conquest to immigration. But the spread of language is different. • In India, there are many languages and dialects. With the trade between uk and India increased, young people begun to learn English as the language of science and technology. • Listen to the news and find out what happened next. • In 19th, Thomas advised that English language universities be established. In that way educated Indians can be fluent in their own and English those 2 languages. They would feel English is their culture. • the importance of English in India. P139 the middle Para. • After the independence, the people were strongly against the language. The government wanted it to disappear little by little. By it stays as the language of people of trade, science education and so on. Back

15. the Beginnings of Australia as a Penal Colony • In 1770, before the discovery by Captain Cook, there were Aborigines living in Australia. • From 1788, it became a penal colony for two purposes: to fill the empty place with Britain, to reduce the overcrowding of the prisons. • Later on , the prisoners were released and had their lives their. P141 middle • Listen to the conversation. back

16. summary • The establishment of colonies and empire spread the use of English worldwide between the sixteenth century. And the first half of the 20th century. • Every one of them began with exploration, but the circumstances in which colonies were settled were very different. • English remains very important in India after independence--- but as a second language learned for a variety of purposes, including international purposes. back

17. Examining the Question of the Number of Users of English How many users of English in the world at the end of 20th century • numbers of population are the basis for the numbers of users. • In the late 16th and early 17th century, when English was a national, but not an international language, the numbers are estimated at 5-7milliom. • By the middle 20th century, they are estimated to be 250-350 million. • By the 1980s the numbers are between 700-1400million. • The numbers seem to be increasing. • The total number of users of varieties of English is still much smaller than the total number of users of varieties of Chinese. authors of English users’ analysis • Randolph quirk the use of English 1962 • David crystal “how many millions? The statistics of English today” 1985 • Joshua fishman et. The spread of English 1977 back

18. Imagine inner outer, and Expanding Circles of English Language Users provided by Braj Kachru: The inner circle: native speakers Outer circle: speakers in former Britain colonies Expanding circle: international users who have nothing to do with Britain colony. back