Chapter 11 Bacteria

1. Chapter 11 Bacteria

2. Brucella abortus • G-, coccobacillus • Brucellosis in cattle • Reproductive organs • Sterility and abortions • In humans – mildsymptoms

3. Rickettsias • G- coccobaillus • Obligate intracellular parasites • Transmitted by insects such as ticks

4. Obligate intracellular parasites • Rickettsia rickettsii • Rocky mountain spotted fever • Southeastern parts of this country, transmitted by ticks • Rash – palms and soles • Treated during the early stages of the disease • It can cause damage to the kidneys

5. Caulobacter • Aquatic environments • Has a stalk • Attaches to algae and absorbs nutrients

6. Stalk (stem)

9. Rhizobium • Roots of plants beans and peas • Convert nitrogen gas to ammonium ions • Ammonium ions are used by the plants to make protein. • Beneficial to plants.

10. Neisseria gonorrhoeae • Gonorrhea - STD • Gram negative diplococci • Uses fimbriae to attach itself to the mucus membrane. Painful urination, discharge of pus. • Pelvic inflammatory disease – sterility • Cephalosporin, doxycycilne.

11. Neisseria gonorrhoeae • Ophthalmia neonatorum – eye infection of the newborn. • Lead to blindness, antibiotics are placed in the eyes as prophylaxis. • Neisseria meningitidis • Some people are asymptomatic carriers • Aerosol • Meningitis, throat infection

13. Bordetella pertussis • Gram negative coccobacillus • Whooping cough • Grows on cilia lining the trachea • DTP – vaccine – pertussis • Heat killed bacteria

15. Thiobacillus • Chemoautotroph • Gets energy from hydrogen sulfide • Found in soil • Gram-, rod shaped

16. Pseudomonas aeruginosa – G- rod • Opportunist • Water soluble pigment (blue-green) • Burn and wound infections • Gentamicin, polymyxin

17. Escherichia coli • G- coccobacillus • Normal flora of the intestinal tract • Opportunist • Strain O157:H7 – pathogen – cattle • Bloody diarrhea

18. Salmonella typhi • G- rod, typhoid fever • Found in humans • Carriers – gall bladder • Fluoroquinilones, chloramphenicol • Contaminated food or water

19. Salmonella enteritidis • Salmonellosis • Poultry and cattle • Undercooked, contaminated food • Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea • Fluid and electrolyte therapy • Cooking the meat thoroughly

20. Shigella dysenteriae • G- rod, shigellosis • Humans • Contaminated food • Produces toxin • Damage to the intestinal wall • Fluoroquinilones

21. Opportunists • Klebsiella pneumoniae – normal flora • Proteus vulgaris • Enterobacter • Serratia marcescens – soil • Endotoxin – lipid A • Nosocomial infections • Septic shock, pneumonia, urinary tract infections

22. Yersinia pestis • G- rod, plague • Fleas from rats • Southwestern – squirrels, chipmunks • Direct contact • Proliferate in the blood stream

23. Y. pestis • Buboes – swelling of lymph nodes. Bubonic plague • Mortality – 50 to 75% • Streptomycin and tetracycline – prophylaxis • Pneumonic plague – aerosol • Mortality rate 100%

25. Vibrio cholerae • G-, bent rod, single flagellum • Intestine, toxin • Cholera • Cells lining the intestine • Stimulate them to release water and electrolytes • Profuse and watery diarrhea • Rice water stools – mucus, epithelia cells, bacteria

27. Pasteurella multocida • G- rod, normal flora of dogs and cats • Oral cavity • Dog or cat bites • Local infection, septicemia • Tetracycline

28. Hemophilus influenzae • G- rod, throat of carriers • Opportunist, aerosol, meningitis • Compromised immune system - pneumonia

29. Chromatium • G- rod, lakes and ponds • Photosynthesis • Hydrogen sulfide + CO2  sugar and sulfur • Water + CO2  sugar + O2 (plants and algae) • anoxygenic

30. Bdellovibrio • G- rod, bent rod, flagellum • Soil • Periplasmic space of E.coli • Pathogenic to E.coli

32. Desulfovibrio • Sediments of lakes and ponds • Anaerobic respiration • Sulfur – final electron acceptor

33. Myxococcus • Gliding fruiting bacteria – G- • Soil • Vegetative cells glide over surfaces – slime trail • Aggregate – fruiting body • Nutrient depletion • myxosopres

35. Cyanobacteria • G-, carries on photosynthesis • Aquatic environments • Heterocysts – nitrogen to ammonium ions • CO2 and water make sugar • Oxygen is released

37. Chlamydia • G- cocci • Obligate intracellular parasite • Elementary body – usually extracellular, dormant • Reticulate body – intracellular, active

39. Chlamydia trachomatis • Sexual contact • Most common STD • Urethritis • doxycycline

40. Chlamydia trachomatis • Common in the tropics, southwestern USA • Direct contact, flies, towels • Eye infection, scarring of cornea • Blindness • tetracycline

42. Chlamydia trachomatis • Lymphogranuloma venereum - STD • Tropics, Southeastern USA • Grows in the lymphatic system • Obstruction of lymph vessels • Doxycycline

43. Chlamydia psittaci • Birds – parrots, ducks, pigeons • Bird droppings • Opportunist • Pneumonia • tetracycline

44. Spirochetes • Spiral shaped, axial filaments • Treponema pallidum – syphilis • STD, ulcer – site of inoculation – primary stage • Secondary stage – bloodstream, rash on the skin & mucous membrane

45. T. pallidum • Latent stage – no symptoms • Tertiary syphilis – blindness, insanity, heart problems • Congenital syphilis – from the mother to the fetus • Stillbirths, mental retardation

46. Borrelia burgdorferi • Lyme disease • Transmitted by ticks from mice • Rash at the bite site – bull’s eye rash, flu-like symptoms • Paralysis, heart problems • Arthritis

49. Leptospira interrogans • Leptospirosis – hooked ends • Infected or carrier dogs – urine • Contaminated soil, water • Nonspecific symptoms • Damage to the liver and kidneys

50. Bacteroides • Obligate anaerobe • G- rod • Normal flora – intestinal tract, oral cavity • Opportunist – infects surgical wounds, puncture wounds