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Blood Groups/Types

Blood Groups/Types. Blood Group Terms. Antigens: chemical structures imparting specific properties to the surface of the RBC Antibodies: protein substance developed in response to foreign body substances. Blood Group Systems.

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Blood Groups/Types

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  1. Blood Groups/Types

  2. Blood Group Terms • Antigens: chemical structures imparting specific properties to the surface of the RBC • Antibodies: protein substance developed in response to foreign body substances

  3. Blood Group Systems • Detected on the basis of specific reaction with corresponding antibody (either agglutination, lysis, or hemolysis) as a result of the presence or absence of the blood protein antigens on the RBC surface • Inherited according to Mendelian laws • Fully formed either at birth or in early postnatal life & persist throughout life

  4. ABO System • Discovered by Landsteiner in 1900 • Prior to discovery, blood transfusions were hit or miss • Type A, Type B, Type AB, & Type O

  5. Type A • 41% of population • Has A antigens on the RBC surface • Has anti-B antibodies in the plasma • Genotypes AA & AO = Phenotype A

  6. Type B • 10% of population • Has B antigens on the RBC surface • Has anti-A antibodies in the plasma • Genotype BB & BO = Phenotype B

  7. Type AB • 4 % of population • Has A & B antigens on the RBC surface • Has NO antibodies in the plasma • Universal Recipient: can receive Type A, Type B, Type AB, or Type O blood  NO antibodies in plasma to react with antigens • Genotypes: AB = Phenotype AB

  8. Type O • 45% of population • Has NO antigens on RBC surface • Has anti-A & anti-B antibodies in the plasma • Universal Donor: can be given to any blood type  no antigens on the RBCs • Genotype OO = Phenotype O

  9. Rh System • Discovered by Landsteiner & Wiener in 1937 • Discovered in the Rhesus monkey • Rh is an antigen on the RBC surface

  10. Rh + has the antigens on the RBC (85% of population) • Rh – does NOT have the Rh antigens • Rh + can accept Rh + or Rh – blood • Rh – can accept ONLY Rh - blood

  11. Rh Incompatibility • When Rh– person receives Rh+ blood in a transfusion  person develops antibodies against the Rh+ factor • Clinical problem if second transfusion of Rh+ blood given  Rh antibodies will clump with the Rh antigens • S & S of transfusion reaction: chills, fever, rash, itching, SOB, nausea, nephralgia, hematuria, shock & death

  12. Erythroblastosis fetalis • Rh– mother and Rh+ father  Rh+ child 1st pregnancy • Mother develops antibodies to baby’s Rh+ antigens • 2nd pregnancy with Rh+ child  mother’s anti-Rh antibodies attack unborn child’s RBCs • Prevention: shot of Rhogam shortly after birth of first Rh+ baby to block development of antibodies

  13. Erythroblastosis fetalis • Antigen-antibody reaction due to mixing of Rh+ blood of fetus with Rh- blood of mother during 2nd Rh+ pregnancy • Prevented with shot of Rhogam at birth of 1st Rh+ baby

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