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Part 2 Introduction to the Near Earth Space

Delve into the mysteries of Near Earth Space as spacecraft navigate cosmic rays, solar wind, and magnetic fields. Learn how space weather impacts technology and Earth. Discover the interplay between science, society, and space phenomena.

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Part 2 Introduction to the Near Earth Space

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  1. Part 2Introduction tothe Near Earth Space Yurdanur Tulunay , Turkish Space Agency - Board Member and Middle East Technical University , Department of Aerospace Engineering,06800Ankara (e-mail: ytulunay@metu.edu.tr) ESS 501

  2. Like ships at sea,S/C sail the ocean of NES! • And like their terrestrial counterparts S/C must endure sever storms in the environment in order to perform their mission

  3. 3 Kasım 1957 (SPUTNIK 2)Laika, first living being in space.Uzaydaki ilk canlı, Laika

  4. Galactic Cosmic Rays Energetic Particles Neural Particles Magnetized Solar Wind Local Interstellar Medium Magnetosphere Atmosphere Galactic Cosmic Rays Galactic Cosmic Rays Heliosphere YT 1_4 SUN Electromagnetic radiation Planet The heliosphere is a buble, formed by the expanding solar wind, in the material between the stars From : NASA’s Solar Connections home page : http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/solar_connections.html

  5. YT 1_1 Uzay Bilimleri ve Teknolojisi Bölümleri (ESF-SSC, 1990’dan uyarlanmıştır)

  6. YT 1_2

  7. YT 21_3 Glover et al., esa bulletin 114-May 2003, p.28

  8. 20

  9. YT 2_4 Cutaway diagram showing that is thought to bi inside the Sun. http://www.windows.ucar.edu/spaceweather/build_storm3.html

  10. The proton –proton chain Solar furnace (core) burns protons ! 4 1H12He4 + 2 1e0 H : Hydrogen nucleus; He: Helium nucleus: mass nu.4; (2p plus 2 n and 2e)

  11. YT 3_2 http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/

  12. YT 3_6 A photograph taken during a solar eclipse on February 2, 1980. Concentrations of plasma organized by solar magnetic fields, are clearly visible http://www.windows.ucar.edu/spaceweather/build_storm3.html

  13. 21-1

  14. Neutral Atmosphere Electromagnetic Energy Ionosphere Earth Corpuscular Energy Geomagnetic Field Magnetosphere YT 1_6

  15. > 400km 50-400 km 30-50 km 10-30 km 0-10 km

  16. YT 3_5 Illustration of the upper-atmosphere temperature variability and the regions of Earth’s ionosphere, which are labeled by letters. The various ionospheric peaks are the result of the various sources of atmosphere ionization and the atmospheric chemistry at different altitudes http://www.windows.ucar.edu/spaceweather/build_storm3.html

  17. YT 21_1 F. Jansen, R. Hippler, Space Weather Edition II CD, Univ. Greifswald, Inst. Of Phys., Germany.

  18. ref: https://www.spaceweatherlive.com

  19. Yearly mean sunspot number (black) up to 1749 and monthly 13-month smoothed sunspot number (blue) from 1749 up to the present.

  20. YT 4_5 Yer manyetosferindeki bozulmalar gezegenlerarası manyetik alan (IMF) Güneye döndüğünde oluşur. Yeniden birleşme sürecinde, IMF kuvvet çizgileri, gündüz tarafında, Kuzeye doğru olan Yer manyetik alan Çizgileriyle manyeto aralıkta birleşir (1). Güneş rüzgarının enerji ve parçacıkları manyetosfere hücum ederken Kuzey ve Güney “lobe” bölümleri genişler, büyür, plazma tabakası incelir. Bundan sonra Yer manyetik alanı kuvvet çizgilerinin kendileri yeniden birleşir (2). Bu süreç ile iyonlar ve elektronlar Yer’e doğru ivmelenmeye başlar (Burch, 2001).

  21. YT 4_4 The electrons and ions in the Van Allen belts are effectively trapped in Earth's magnetic dipole field. Bouncing between hemispheres, they reverse their motion at their closest approach to Earth, while at the same time drifting around it. If their trajectories take them too deeply into the atmosphere where they collide with the ambient particles and lose their energy, they are lost from the radiation belts. In this figure, "trapped ACR" refers to ions that originate in the interstellar gas, while energetic secondary ions originate from collisions of cosmic rays with atmospheric gases (courtesy of J.B. Blake, The Aerospace Corporation). http://www.windows.ucar.edu/spaceweather/build_storm3.html

  22. YT 13_5 Before science the overlap of society and space weather in the form of low altitude auroras that acompany space storms gave rise to omens and wonders This figure attempts to show how to cyberelectrosphere emerges from an interaction between the subjects socitey, science and space weather Omen Wonders The cyberelectrosphere denotes a global, electrically enabled, technological environment that space storms attach Society Space Weather Cyberelectro-sphere Space Physics & Aeronomy Tech-nology The overlap of space weather and science has given rise to the fields of space physics and aeronomy Science Those components of which that are vulnerable to space weather distrubances form the cyberelectrosphere at the center of the triquetra G.Siscoe, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 62 (2000), 1223-1232

  23. The future European navigation system “Galileo” will contain some measures to compensate for space weather effects. This image shows the first few satellites of the system. SPACE SHIP EARTH SERVICED BY SATELLITES WIRED FOR POWER LINKED FOR COMMUNICATION NETWORKED FOR INFORMATION F. Jansen, R. Hippler, Space Weather Edition II CD, Univ. Greifswald, Inst. Of Phys.,Germany. 32 1.11.2019 ESS 501 ODTÜ/METU Ankara

  24. YT 12_4 Solar Emissions & Impacts ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ARRIVAL: IMMEDIATELY DURATION: 1-2 HOURS HIGH ENERGY PARTICLES ARRIVAL: 15 MIN TO FEW HOURS DURATION: DAYS LOW MEDIUM ENERGY PARTICLES ARRIVAL: 2-3 DAYS DURATION: DAYS X-RAYS, EUV, RADIO BURSTS PROTON EVENTS GEOMAGNETIC STORMS SATCOM INTERFERENCE SHORTWAVE RADIO FADES SATELLITE DISORIENTATION FALSE SENSOR READINGS SPACECRAFT DAMAGE LAUNCH PAYLOAD FAILURE HIGH ALTITUDE AIRCRAFT RADIATION SHORTWAVE RADIO FADES SPACECRAFT CHARGING & DRAG SPACETRACK ERRORS LAUNCH TRAJECTORY ERRORS RADIO PROPADATION ANOMALIES POWER BLOCKOUTS

  25. YT 7_5

  26. Impact of Space Weather(SW) “Impact of SW has been apparent in the polar skies for years. When the first human beings crossed the land bridge from Asia to the Western Hemisphere, above them danced the ghostly greens and yellows and reds of the northern aurora.”

  27. YT 15_4 Slobins, Oklahoma, USA,29 October 2003 http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov

  28. Halloween Storm x17.2 and 10.0 flares! ( Oct 28) Sunspots (Oct 28 -07:14h) 0:00h 6:00h 12:00h 18:00h 24:00h 11:06h 11:16h October 29, 2003 October 28, 2003 http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov 37 1.11.2019 ESS 501 ODTÜ/METU Ankara

  29. WHAT'S THAT BRIGHT SPOT IN THE CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS IMAGE? What are those bright spots that appear in the CME Image, people often ask. Notice in the example above, the spot indicated by the red arrows appears to move from right to left over the course of three days. The Sungrazer Project (link is external) page hosted by the Naval Research Lab can answer that question. For our example, the Sungrazer page shows that the bright spot is Mercury, and will be visible from July 17-July 30.

  30. These CME Images are provided by the SOHO/LASCO coronagraph (link is external) instrument. Sometimes there are gaps in the imagery when the SOHO spacecraft is not being tracked by the Deep Space Network (DSN). Tracking time available on the DSN must be shared among several spacecraft, so SOHO is not tracked continuously.

  31. https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/

  32. https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/

  33. https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/

  34. Problems in Birds’ Navigation Homing pigeons and most migrating birds use the magnetic field of the Earth to navigate. They have tiny magnets in their brain which act as a kind of compass. If the magnetic fieldsis distorted during a geomagnetic storm, the birds may get lost and cannot find home. F. Jansen, R. Hippler, Space Weather Edition II CD, Univ. Greifswald, Inst. Of Phys., Germany. 44 24 September 2012 ESS 501 ODTÜ/METU

  35. F. Jansen, R. Hippler, Space Weather Edition II CD, Univ. Greifswald, Inst. Of Phys., Germany. 45 24 September 2012 ESS 501 ODTÜ/METU

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