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The development of Sociology

The development of Sociology. Fields of study in Sociology. Wide range of topics studied in sociology, including: Relationships between ethnic groups Relationships between social classes Gender roles and expectations The family Criminology and deviance Structure of the workplace.

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The development of Sociology

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  1. The development of Sociology

  2. Fields of study in Sociology • Wide range of topics studied in sociology, including: • Relationships between ethnic groups • Relationships between social classes • Gender roles and expectations • The family • Criminology and deviance • Structure of the workplace

  3. Relationships between Ethnic groups

  4. Relationships between social Classes

  5. The Family

  6. Gender Roles

  7. Gender Roles

  8. Gender Roles

  9. Criminology

  10. School or Workplace ORganization

  11. Schools of thought in sociology • Functionalist School • Conflict School (aka neo-Marxist) • Symbolic Interactionist School

  12. Functionalism • Believes that society is best studied as an organic system – like the human body • When all the parts of society work together as they should, the interests of each individual member are protected • Analyzes: • large scale patterns of society • Relationships among parts of society

  13. Functionalist: How do all the parts of society fit together And work?

  14. The conflict school • Believe that the most significant characteristic of human beings is their ability to produce goods to meet their needs and wants • Therefore, interested in how the forces of production operate, and in the social structures, and relationships that are created from these forces (aka, the economy) • Different groups compete/struggle for resources and power, creating conflicts and different social classes – with some classes having power over others • Analyzes: • Large-scale patterns of society • Struggles and conflicts between social classes for resources and power

  15. Conflict school: Class Struggle

  16. Does HAVING THE MONEY FOR THE “BEST” EDUCATION MEAN YOU HAVE MORE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHANCES FOR SUCCESS THAN OTHERS?

  17. Symbolic interactionism • Focuses on small-scale patterns in the interactions between individuals, unlike other two schools that look at broad patterns • Believe that the most significant characteristic of human beings is their ability to reason abstractly and think symbolically, giving us a sense of ‘self’ and a sense of “others” • This is used in our face-to-face interactions to create the patterns, roles and rules of behaviour… ‘society’ • Analyzes: • Small-scale patterns of social interaction • Symbols people use to create social life

  18. Symbolic Interactionism

  19. Our behaviours are based on what we think is important based on our inTeractions with others.

  20. Apply what you’ve learned • Identify a sociological question, issue or problem at Aldershot, our community or the world

  21. Recall • Sociologists study the organization, institutions, and development of society, especially changing relationships between individuals and the collective behaviour of groups • How Movies Teach Manhood

  22. A sociologist’s toolbox • Rely heavily on information they get from • QUESTIONNAIRES • PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION • SURVEYS • EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

  23. Two Question TYpes • Open: Do not have a yes no answer • How does conflict affect student relationships? • How do different societies respond to changes in technology? • Why do some students skip classes • Closed: Have a yes, no or straight ahead answer. • Where do you live? • How many male students are at your school? • What are the consequences for skipping school at your school?

  24. Apply your understanding • Come up with three survey questions to answer your sociological question/problem/issue. • Bullying • Teacher(s) have difficulty hearing student’s voices.

  25. Cultural expressions of societies • Shared symbols and learned behaviours that everyone in the society recognizes and understands • Values – shared ideas and standards that are considered acceptable and binding • Norms – expectations about how people should behave • Role - expected behaviour of a person in a particular social position

  26. Personal application • What are the norms, roles and values in Aldershot (home and community) and at Aldershot school?

  27. Objectivity and universality • Important for researchers to set aside beliefs, judgements and personal views – they must remain objective • Also important to look for elements of universality of their research – break down cultural and geographic boundaries • Ie: a study on parenting in a remote African village can give insight to a large NA city

  28. Notable sociologists • Emile Durkheim • Karl Marx • Max Weber • Talcott Parsons • George Murdock • Wallace Clement • John Porter • Jay Goldstein and Rita Bienvenue • David Lyon • Edna Einsiedel • Marc Raboy • Reginald Bibby • Marlene Mackie • Charles Cooley & George Herbert Mead • Irving Goffman • William Foote Whyte • Dorothy Smith • C. Wright Mills

  29. Who are these people? • Task • Groups of two or three • Pick a sociologist • Research! Find out: • Who they were/are • When and where they lived • Three different issues that they were interested in/concerned about/important contributions • Relevance/helpfulness of their focus to modern problems in society • Make a poster of your findings! • 8.5 x 11 inch paper • Include the above data and a picture • Don’t forget your works cited!

  30. Socialization and Social development – How are we socialized? • Socialization – process where someone learns the attitudes, values and behaviours that are valuable and necessary for the society in which they live • Happens from infancy to death • Begins in the family, but many other influencing forces • Peers/social influence • School • Work • Media • Religion • Gender • Culture

  31. Categories of socialization – the process • Primary socialization – the process of learning the basic skills needed to survive in society • Secondary socialization – learning how to behave appropriately in group situations • Anticipatory socialization – learning how to plan the way to behave in new situations • Resocialization – the process by which negative behaviour is transformed into socially acceptable behaviour

  32. How does society influence behaviour? • Social influences on our behaviour • Family • Gender • Culture • Media Application question: How do movies teach gender roles? (Disney Princesses overhead) http://www.ted.com/talks/colin_stokes_how_movies_teach_manhood.html

  33. Cont’d: How does society influence behaviour? • Social influence – the effect of other people on a person’s thoughts and actions • Direct and indirect influence • Ex: you join your friends for sushi, even though you really want a burger • Ex: Not dating someone you’re interested in because of the reactions you think you’ll get from your family • Social expectations can differ even between subcultures • Who’s expected to clear their plates at dinner? • City to country and country to city

  34. Application question • What are the risks of not conforming to expectations? (Family, gender, cultural…)

  35. Socialization and gender roles • http://www.thestar.com/life/health_wellness/2011/05/24/star_readers_rage_about_couple_raising_genderless_infant.html • Margaret Mead examined a number of distinct features about American and Samoan adolescent girls and concluded that gender roles are socially constructed and relative to the culture in which they are exhibited • That is – North American, Canadian, Burlingtonian culture roles are distinct to our culture – they’ll be similar within our overarching culture, but dissimilar from other cultures

  36. Different cultures, different greetings

  37. Abnormal socialization – socialization gone wrong • Can result because of • Neglect • Abuse • Abandonment • Feral children • Deserted at a young age and raised by animals • They appropriate the behaviours of the species that raise them. Can perfectly imitate their gestures and sounds

  38. Feral children • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STn3bpTTU6c • Sociologists realized from studying these children that need to learn social skills at a young age • This is a critical period for developing and internalizing social behaviours

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