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The Human Body

The Human Body. An Orientation: Part B. Make sure this is in your journal or binder. REVIEW TIME!. What is Anatomy?. Anatomy – the study of the structure of living organisms (to cut up stuff and look at it) Physiology – the study of the function of living organisms.

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The Human Body

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  1. The Human Body An Orientation: Part B

  2. Make sure this is in your journal or binder.

  3. REVIEW TIME! What is Anatomy? • Anatomy – the study of the structure of living organisms (to cut up stuff and look at it) • Physiology – the study of the function of living organisms What is Physiology?

  4. What is the Principle of Complementarity? • Function always reflects structure • What a structure can do depends on its specific form

  5. Can you name the Levels of Organization? Put the following terms in order from smallest to largest. Organ Tissue Electron Molecule Cell Proton Neutron Organelle Atoms Organism Cells Organ system

  6. Can you name the Levels of Organization? Electrons – has mass 1/1836 of a proton Protons – 1,007,276,466,771 atomic mass units Neutrons – 1,008,664,915,660 atomic mass units Atoms Molecules Organelle Cells Tissue Organ Organ system Organism

  7. Levels of Structural Organization

  8. Levels of Organization TISSUE – Group of similar cells & intercellular substances specialized to perform a specific function ORGAN – 2 + tissues performing a specific function ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function

  9. BODY SYSTEMS • What is their role? • 2. What are the major organs that perform this job/role?

  10. What is homeostasis? What are the components of a control mechanism? Give an example of a negative AND positive feedback system.

  11. What is anatomical position?

  12. Ventral vs. DorsalAnterior vs. Posterior

  13. Proximal vs. Distal Superficial vs. Deep

  14. Lateral vs. Medial

  15. Anatomical Position • Standard anatomical body position - Body erect - Feet slightly apart - Palms facing forward

  16. Regional Terms • Two major divisions of body: • Axial • Head, neck, and trunk • Appendicular • Limbs • Regional terms designate specific areas

  17. Body Planes Plane: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study

  18. Body Planes • Sagittal plane • Divides body vertically into right and left parts • Produces a sagittal section • Midsagittal (median) plane • Lies on midline • Parasagittal plane • Not on midline

  19. Body Planes • Frontal (coronal) plane • Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts • Transverse (horizontal) plane • Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts • Produces a cross section • Oblique section • Cuts made diagonally

  20. Anatomical Variability • Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but: • Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place • Small muscles may be missing

  21. Median vs. Lateral

  22. Body Cavities • Ventral cavity • Houses internal organs (viscera) • Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm): • Thoracic cavity • Abdominopelvic cavity

  23. Ventral Body Cavities • Thoracic cavity subdivisions: • Two pleural cavities • Each houses a lung • Mediastinum • Contains pericardial cavity • Surrounds thoracic organs • Pericardial cavity • Encloses heart

  24. The heart, surrounded by the pericardial cavity, sits in the anterior portion of the mediastinum. The mediastinum , the region between the two pleural cavities, also contains the thymus, esophagus, and trachea.

  25. Ventral Body Cavities • Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions: • Abdominal cavity • Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver • Pelvic cavity • Contains urinary bladder, reproductve organs, and rectum

  26. Serous Membrane (Serosa) • Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid: • Parietal serosa lines internal body walls • Visceral serosa covers the internal organs

  27. The Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity

  28. Separation of Body Cavities Each body cavity is lined with a thin, double-layered membrane (serous membranes) Lining the cavity wall is the parietal serosa Lining the organs in the cavity is the visceral serosa Each body cavity gives these membranes special names (i.e. visceral pleura, peritoneum, etc.)

  29. Abdominopelvic Regions Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists Divisions used primarily by medical personnel Abdominopelvic Quadrants

  30. Other Body Cavities Oral and digestive cavities Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities

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