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EAS 4/8803: Experimental Methods in AQ

EAS 4/8803: Experimental Methods in AQ. Prof. Rodney Weber Weeks 1 – 4 Experiments 1 & 2 Prof. Michael Bergin Weeks 5 – 8 Experiments 3 & 4 Dr. Karsten Baumann Weeks 8 – 11 Experiments 5 & 6

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EAS 4/8803: Experimental Methods in AQ

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  1. EAS 4/8803: Experimental Methods in AQ Prof. Rodney Weber Weeks 1 – 4 Experiments 1 & 2 Prof. Michael Bergin Weeks 5 – 8 Experiments 3 & 4 Dr. Karsten Baumann Weeks 8 – 11 Experiments 5 & 6 Handout: AQ Management in the US, NRC, Natl Acad Press, 2004 http://books.nap.edu/catalog/10728.html Recommended: Baumbach, AQ Control, Springer 1996 Seinfeld & Pandis, Atm Chem & Phys, Wiley 1998 Finlayson-Pitts & Pitts, Chem of U & L Atmos, AP 1999 Warneck, Chem of Natural Atmos, 2nd Ed, AP 2000 Data and Findings from SCISSAP and FAQS http://cure.eas.gatech.edu/faqs/index.html EAS 4/8803

  2. EAS 4/8803: Experimental Methods in AQ So far: Measurement Errors and Uncertainties Random (Precision), Systematic (Accuracy), Rounding (DL), Comparing (Correlations) Flow Rate Measurements (Exp 1) Volumetric (cm3/s), Mass (g/s), Fs = Fa*Ta/Ts * Ps/Pa (Ideal Gas Law) PM Size & Number Distribution (Exp 2) Dp, Modes (UF, Fine, Coarse, Primary, Secondary) Methods (SMPS, APS, OPC, SEM, TEM ) Aerosol Optical Properties (Exp 3 & 4) Scattering, Absorption, Extinction (Visibility, Climate) Methods (OPC, Nephelometer) EAS 4/8803

  3. EAS 4/8803: Experimental Methods in AQ Weeks 8 - 11: Air Quality Management (AQM) Clean Air Act (History, Objectives, NAAQS) Emissions and Atmospheric Trends (Links) Principal Measurement Techniques (O3, NOx, CO, SO2, Pb, PM) Measurement of CO (Exp 5) NDIR Method (Interferences, Stability, DL, Precision, Accuracy) Controlling O3 Why controlling O3 (Agriculture, Health) Photochemical Processes (NOx vs VOC sensitivities, limitations) Ambient Measurements and Trends (World, USA, GA) Measurement of O3 (Exp 6) UV Absorption (Interferences, Stability, DL, Precision, Accuracy) EAS 4/8803

  4. Clean Air Act (CAA) Goals Protecting and promoting human health & public welfare by: • Mitigating potentially harmful human and ecosystem exposure to six criteria pollutants: CO, NO2, SO2, O3, PM, and lead (Pb). • Limiting the sources of and risks from exposure to HAPs (air toxics). • Protecting and improving visibility impairment in wilderness areas and national parks. • Reducing the emissions of species that cause acid rain, specifically SO2 and NOx. • Curbing the use of chemicals that have the potential to deplete the stratospheric O3 layer. EAS 4/8803

  5. “criteria” pollutants EPA must describe the characteristics and potential health and welfare effects of these pollutants The Air Pollutants of Concern in AQM • Carbon monoxide (CO) • Sulfur dioxide (SO2) • Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) • Particulate matter (PM) • Ozone (O3) • Lead (Pb) • Air toxics (solvents, fuels, metals, etc.) • Haze EAS 4/8803

  6. Federal AQM Legislation History EAS 4/8803

  7. History: CAA’s First NAAQS EAS 4/8803

  8. 1990 CAA Amendments Title I: Non-attainment regions Non-attainment regions for O3 are ranked in terms of pollution severity; deadlines to achieve NAAQS. New and amended NAAQS must be attained in 5 years (possible 5-yr extension). Title II: Mobile sources Gasoline reformulation to lower toxic and VOC by 1997. Reduction in NOx (60%) and HC (40%) LDV emissions; cold T (20°F) CO emissions standards > 1994. “Clean car” (ZEV, electric car) pilot program in California (150,000/300,000 vehicles by model year 1996/99). Title III: Toxics Emissions of 189 HAPs controlled. EPA-approved MACT mandated. Title IV: Acid rain (Electricity Generation Facilities) NOx: cut emissions by 2.0 x 106 tons/yr; SO2: reduce to 9.2 x 106 / 8.9 x 106 tons/yr (US total) by 2000 / 10. Phase I (beginning 1995): 110 large power plants; Phase II (beginning 2000): remaining units Policy: market-based “cap and trade” rather than “command and control”. If a utility reduces SO2 emissions below their emissions “allowance” , the utility can sell their extra “allowance” to another utility. Title V: Permits New and existing major sources must secure permits, duration ≤ 5 yr. Fees to sustain state air pollution control agencies. Title VI: Stratospheric ozone Phase out chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and carbon tetrachloride by2000; CH3CCl3 / HCFCs by 2002 / 30 Title VII: Enforcement Larger penalties. EAS 4/8803

  9. Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee Official Action Official Action Process of Setting/Amending NAAQS EAS 4/8803

  10. Set Revised Revoked Reaffirmed Review ongoing History: NAAQS Reviews and Revisions EAS 4/8803

  11. NAAQS Effective January 2003 Primary Standard (Health-Based) Secondary Std (Welfare-Based) Type Level Type Level PM10 Annual arithmetic mean 50 µg/m3 Same as primary 24-hr avg not to be exceeded 150 µg/m3 Same as primary more than 1/yr on avg over 3yr PM2.5 Spatial and annual 15 µg/m3 Same as primary arithmetic mean in area 98th percentile of 24-hr avg 65 µg/m3 Same as primary O3 Maximum daily 1-hr avg to be 0.12 ppm Same as primary exceeded no more than 1/yr averaged over 3 consec years 3-yr avg of the annual fourth 0.08 ppm Same as primary highest daily 8-hr average NO2 Annual arithmetic mean 0.053 ppm Same as primary SO2 Annual arithmetic mean 0.03 ppm 3-hr 0.50 ppm 24-hr average 0.14 ppm CO 8-hr (not to be exceeded more 9 ppm No secondary than once per year) 1-hr (not to be exceeded more 35 ppm No secondary than once per year) Lead Maximum quarterly average 1.5 µg/m3 Same as primary EAS 4/8803

  12. Role of Science in AQM EAS 4/8803

  13. Acute Effects Well Known Less Well Known Chronic Effects Four Topics of Concern for AQM EAS 4/8803

  14. 20 - 40 lbs. of air • (8000 - 16,000 liters) Q: Why should we care about air quality? A: Each day a typical adult may consume... • 2 - 10 lbs. of food (1000 - 3000 calories); • 1 - 6 lbs. of fluids • (12 - 96 oz.); EAS 4/8803

  15. Concern: Human Health Asthma is a chronic lung disease that affects a person’s fundamental ability to breathe. It’s prevalence in the U.S. population is epidemic. The percentage of the population with the disease has nearly doubled since 1980. In 2000, approximately 11 million people in the U.S. experienced an asthma attack. Morbidity & Mortality: 2002 Chart Book on Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases; National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 2002. EAS 4/8803

  16. Concern: Economics The estimated economic cost of asthma in the U.S. in 1998 was $11.3 billion. By 2002, this estimate had increased to $14.0 billion. This latter figure includes direct costs of $3.1 billion for hospital care, $2.6 billion for physicians’ services, and $3.7 billion for prescription drugs. “Direct medical costs of asthma account for approximately 1% of all health care expenditures in the United States.” The remaining $4.6 billion in costs are estimated indirect costs that include loss of productivity due to mortality, and decreases in productivity due to absences from work or school. Asthma and the Environment: A Strategy to Protect Children; President’s Task Force on Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks to Children; January 28, 1999; Revised May 2000. EAS 4/8803

  17. Link to AQ • Ozone is one of many environmental factors that can trigger asthma attacks in those that have the disease. Studies show that ERVs for treatment of asthma increase by 30 to 40% when [O3] is elevated. • Romieu I, et al.; American J. Epidemiology; 141 (6): 546-553; 1995. • Stieb DM, et al.; Env. Health Perspectives; 104 (12): 1354-1360; 1996. • Thurston GD, et al.; J. Exposure Analysis and Env. Epidemiology; 2 (4): 429-450; 1992. • Weisel CP, et al.; Env. Health Perspecitves; 103: 97-102 Suppl. 2; 1995. • White MC, et al.; Env. Research; 65 (1): 56-68; 1994. • Friedman MS, et al.; J. Am. Medical Assoc.; 285 (7): 897-905; 2001. • Tolbert PE, et al.; Am. J. Epidemiology; 151 (8): 798-810; 2000. EPA 454/K-02-001; US EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS); September 2002. EAS 4/8803

  18. Symptom: Human Health Evidence of health impact of ozone on human respiratory system based on an experimental study involving human subjects. Left: A healthy lung airway, and right: A lung airway inflamed from exposure to ozone. Ozone and Your Health. EPA 452/F-99-003. Office of Air and Radiation, U.S. EPA: http://www.epa.gov/airnow/brochure.html EAS 4/8803

  19. Symptom: Ecological Health Cotton showing chronic response to ozone on the lower leaves after exposure to rel. low concentrations (e.g. < 40 ppb), with periodic, random, intermittent episodes of rel. high ozone concentrations (e.g. > 80 ppb) throughout the plant growth season. Krupa, S.V., A.E.G. Tonneijck, and W.J. Manning. 1998. Ozone. Pp. 2-1-2-28 in Recognition of Air Pollution Injury to Vegetation: A Pictorial Atlas, 2nd Ed, R.B. Flagler, et al., eds. Pittsburgh, PA: Air & Waste Management Association. EAS 4/8803

  20. Symptom: Buildings, Monuments & Parks EAS 4/8803

  21. Symptom:Visibility EAS 4/8803

  22. Symptom:Visibility Standard visual range for the period 1996-1998 in units of kilometers.Visibility Information Exchange Web System, 2003. EAS 4/8803

  23. Link to AQ Last (O3) non-attainment designations in 1991. More than 90% of the affected population resided in 70 metro areas. Average Size: ~2 million (Cincinnati) Median Size: ~1 million (Louisville) Largest: ~20 million (New York) Smallest: ~87,000 (Owensboro, KY) Counties in which the 1998 2nd daily maximum 1-h [O3] exceeds the 1-h average 120 ppb NAAQS. EPA 2000. EAS 4/8803

  24. Consequences of New O3 NAAQS In addition to most of the original 70 metro areas, ca. 60 additional metro areas may be impacted. Of these 60 new metro areas Average Size: ~360,000 (Madison, WI) Median Size: ~290,000 (Macon, GA) Largest: ~1.3 million (San Antonio) Smallest: ~74,000 (Victoria, TX) Counties in which the 1998 4th daily maximum 8-h [O3] exceeds the 8-h average 80 ppb NAAQS. EPA 2000. EAS 4/8803

  25. PM2.5 NAAQS will also impact many smaller cities Monitors at which the 1999 annual average [PM2.5] exceeds (yellow and red) the 15 g/m3 annual average PM2.5 NAAQS. EAS 4/8803

  26. Annual Average PM2.5 in Urban Areas, 2002 EAS 4/8803

  27. Annual Average PM2.5 in Rural Areas, 2002 Source: IMPROVE Network, 2002 EAS 4/8803

  28. Measurement Sites Southern Center for the Integrated Study of Secondary Air Pollutants (US EPA) Fall-line Air Quality Study (GA-EPD) EAS 4/8803

  29. PM2.5 Seasonal Comparison: Suburban vs Rural Suburban Hendersonville Rural Dixon Summer-99 Fall-99 Winter-99/00 • Differences in composition are insignificant regionally but not seasonally • Differences in mass related to different BL dynamics and SOA (Un-ID) EAS 4/8803

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