Geography GCSE : Global Tourism Unit

Geography GCSE : Global Tourism Unit

GLOBAL TOURISM : Areas to revise / Areas you can expect Exam Questions on.

How to do well at GCSE Geography : getting the examiner to give you the marks

Global Tourism : Tourism Trends / What is happening to tourist numbers? 1 Tourism Definition : Making active use of leisure time to explore places that are not part of a person’s usual routine. This is more than the annual fortnight holiday to somewhere hot and sunny. It may a day-visit to a theme park, a weekend break to city, a winter holiday which may seek out ‘winter sun’ or ‘winter snow’, and could include a 12 month ‘Gap Year’ round-the-world trip after university. Tourism takes many forms and can be to places quite near as well as far away, last a few hours or take months to complete. But always, tourists will have an impact on the places they visit – sometimes a good one – possibly a bad one, usually a mix of the two. Key Terms : Tourism Leisure Time Possible Questions : What are some of the main trends in Tourism in recent decades? How might tourism change in the future as a result of recent trends? Key Trend 1 : More people are going on holiday than ever before – it is the world’s fastest growing industry Key Trend 2 : People are taking more holidays per year – not just a main ‘summer holiday’, but often a winter holiday, as well as weekend breaks in Autumn and Spring Key Trend 3 : People are travelling further for their holidays. Most people’s grandparents holidayed in Britain, your parents’ generation holidayed in Europe – and your generation is going to different continents – to Florida, Thailand and Australia Weblinks : BBC video clip on tourism in Brighton http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/tourism-at-the-seaside-in-brighton/8438.html Key Trend 4 : There is big growth in tourists from MEDCs visiting LEDCs either for the climate, the unspoilt environment or the culture.

Global Tourism : Tourism Trends / Why is tourism growing? 2 Key Terms : Social trends Economic trends Technological trends Tourist revenue The tourist industry is one of the world’s largest industries – both in the number of people it employs, and the wealth it generates for countries. For some countries it is the biggest part of their economy – such as Hawaii, Bermuda, the Bahamas and Nepal. For the worlds’ number one tourists destination – France – the income from tourism is a major contribution to the country’s prosperity. A range of SOCIAL, ECONOMIC and TECHNOLOGICAL changes has resulted in the rise of the tourism industry as a major activity around the world. Longer paid holidays : In Britain employees can expect 20 or more days of paid holiday each year. This has increased hugely since the 1950s – when just 10 days was normal. So people can take more holidays now Shorter working hours : Many people are able to finish work early on Friday – or work ‘flexi-time’ – so they work some ‘long days’ and ‘short days’. This gives people more time to go on mini-break over a weekend. Possible Questions : Why has tourism grown so much over recent years? Which factors are most important in explaining the growth of global tourism? Transport improvements : Motorways which give quick travel to ports, airports and across countries, along with the Channel Tunnel, new airports and low-cost airlines all mean it is easier, cheaper and quicker to travel long distances than ever before. More affluence : Holidays cost money – but as people have become wealthier they choose to spend more of their money on holidays. Once families have met the cost of their house, their car, and food, - tourism is the next main area of spending. Weblinks : BBC video clip on how climate affects tourist choices http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/contrasting-morecambe-with-torremolinos-latitude/3235.html More awareness of holidays : Lots of TV programmes show different holidays, comparing resorts and whole satellite channels devoted to holiday ideas means more desire to go away for a few days. With retired people living longer and college students wanting to travel there are huge numbers of people looking for information about where to go next – who have the information, and money to travel. Cheaper holidays : The arrival of travel agents on the high streets competing with each other, low-cost air travel and cheap food abroad has meant the average cost of a holiday has come down in price

Global Tourism : Tourism Trends / Mass Tourism & New Technology 3 The rise of the Package Holiday in the 1960s caused the Mass Tourism that exists today. It made it very easy to book the whole holiday ‘package’ just by selecting a resort from a travel brochure. The travel agent then did all the bookings – flights, hotels, transfers from airport to hotel… even day-trips and sorting out the money you needed when you got there. That role of the Travel Agent is now being threatened by the internet as tourists choose to select and book their own holiday and flights from their computer at home. Key Terms : Travel Agent Package holiday Mass Tourism Internet Tourism Disadvantages Advantages Booking through a Travel Agency Possible Questions : Why did Mass Tourism take off during the 1960s? How has technology influenced the tourism industry in recent years? How might new technology influence tourism trends in the future? Easy to buy the full ‘Package’ including flights, hotel & coaches You may get sold a holiday which isn’t quite what you want Can get instant help if anything goes wrong – eg flight is cancelled Travel brochures don’t always give the full truth about resorts Can benefit from the background knowledge of different resorts from the travel agent Package holidays tend to go to busy, popular places which might get crowded. Self-booking through the Internet Weblinks : BBC news clip on an internet scam http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11458232 Video clip on the rise of package holidays and the threat of the internet: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/fast_track/9300289.stm Can fully research the resort and use Google Earth to check hotel location and reviews from past tourists Negative web stories about crime and murders may put you off a resort but these could happen anywhere May be able to find cheaper options for flights and hotel by searching around Advertised holiday might be a ‘scam’ – you get there and the villa hasn’t been built yet If anything falls through – you’re on your own (flights cancelled) Many people use a combination of the two – they do their own research on the internet, then book it through a Travel Agent Can plan the flight times and hotel days exactly to what you want

Global Tourism : Tourism Trends / Different categories of Tourism 4 Key Terms : (see terms in BOLD opposite) The different types of tourism are increasing as more people take holidays. As more countries develop and more people have surplus income to spend on leisure – there is every type of tourism to meet people’s different interests and spending money. Example / Case-Study : Benidorm – Mass Tourism Belize – Eco Tourism Costa Rica – Eco Tourism Sustainable Tourism Tourism activity Increasing Distance Increasing Duration Mass Tourism (what many do – Sun, Sea & Sand in Majorca Local Hull museum Day visit to a city Weekend city-break to London or Paris Event Tourism (eg World Cup spectators in S. Africa & Qatar) Regional visit (Yorkshire Moors) Possible Questions : What are some of the different types of tourism resorts specialise in? Which will be the big growth areas for tourism in the future? Autumn break for a week in a cottage in the Lake District Religious Tourism (pilgrimage to Jerusalem or Mecca) National (camping in Cornwall) Fortnight summer holiday to Greece Short-Haul (less than 4 hrs flight) Cultural tourism (visiting the Pyramids in Egypt Weblinks : BBC video clip on Safari tourism in Kenya – an example of Adventure Tourism, Eco-Tourism and Cultural Tourism all in one http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/tourism-in-kenya/4506.html 4 week safari holiday to Kenya Long-Haul (more than 4 hrs flight) Adventure Tourism (white-water rafting in New Zealand 2 month retirement cruise of the Caribbean Inter-continental (UK to Australia) Eco-Tourism (jungle trek in the Amazon) Gap-year tour after University on a world ticket Fair-trade tourism (helping build a school in a village in Peru)

Global Tourism : Tourism Trends / World Tourism Destinations 5 It’s not a surprise that 7 of the world’s top destinations for tourists are in Europe. With 360 million affluent people – that’s a lot of people looking to go on holiday to a nearby country. Mexico gets in at number 10 due to its proximity to the USA – with many wealthy Americans heading south to enjoy the Caribbean Ocean, high sunshine levels and Mexican food and culture of the USAs next-door neighbour. China – with one sixth of the entire global population, is generating more tourists every year as it gets wealthier – and many Chinese choose to holiday in their own country. In 20 years time China is likely to claim the top spot as more Europeans & American travel to China as it develops more airports and hotels, and more Chinese families becoming wealthy enough to take a holiday in their own country. Key Terms : Top tourist destinations Origin of visitors Possible Questions : What is the pattern of global tourism? Where might become popular in the future as a tourism destination – and why?

Global Tourism : Tourism Trends / World Tourism Destinations - Factors 6 Key Terms : Paris – city of culture Accessibility Guaranteed sunshine Maximum temperature Temperature Range Rainfall maximum Why are France and Spain the most Popular Tourist Destinations in Europe? France has a border with 7 other European countries ( the UK via the Channel Tunnel) – so is easily accessible from many countries Paris has a world reputation as a romantic city full of culture, art and fine experiences attracting visitors at any time of the year France has a reputation for great food and wine The high, snowy French Alps provide some of the best winter skiing in all Europe – so it gets tourists all year round in all 4 seasons France has a lot of coastline – the Atlantic, the English Channel and the Mediterranean – so lots of sea, bays & beaches Possible Questions : Why are some countries so popular as tourist destinations? To what extent are Physical factors the most important in influencing tourist visits to a country? The south of France gets reliably hot, sunny, dry summers – great for camping Weblinks : See a selection of climate charts from around the world http://www.uwsp.edu/geO/faculty/ritter/interactive_climate_map/climate_map.html Climate Chart for Spain Being further south, the sun’s rays are more concentrated over Spain, so temperatures are up to 30C in July The Temperature Range in Spain ( difference between warmest & coolest month) is not that big : 30C -- 15C = 15C Summer high pressure means there’s very little rain, very few clouds, and so sunny blue skies over Spain April to August have reliably low rainfall – the main holiday months for tourists from N. Europe wanting the sun & heat

Global Tourism : Resort Development / The Growth of seaside resorts 7 Blackpool Withernsea Key Terms : Butler Model Resort development Resort Stagnation Rejuvenation Originally a small fishing village on the north west coast 1860s : Arrival of the railway from Manchester brought thousands of people for a day out at the seaside – closest coast to the city 1900s : hotels and tourist entertainment facilities built so people could spend longer at the resort 1920s : development of cars and coaches brought people from inland cities. Resort grew. 1950s : increasing wealth and paid holidays meant huge numbers of people coming to the resort for a week or fortnight holiday. 1960s : Pleasure Park developed with some of the most exciting thrills & rides in Britain 1970s : cost of Package Holidays to Spain were coming down, so fewer tourists coming to Blackpool for their main holiday – but still many weekend and day visitors 1990s : Keeps putting in new rides and gets celebrities to open the Blackpool Illuminations each September & develops new plans 2010s : Has become the ‘Hen Party/ Stag Party’ focus for Britain – also a major Conference Centre. Voted the most popular coastal resort in Britain. Originally a small fishing village on the north east coast 1860s : Arrival of the railway from Hull brought thousands of people for a day out at the seaside – closest coast to the city 1900s : hotels and tourist entertainment facilities built so people could spend longer at the resort 1920s : development of cars and coaches brought people from inland cities. Resort grew. 1950s : increasing wealth and paid holidays meant huge numbers of people coming to the resort for a week or fortnight holiday. At its peak. 1960s : caravan parks built so people could have cheaper accommodation. Less wealthy tourists coming now. 1970s : cost of Package Holidays to Spain were coming down, so fewer tourists coming to Withernsea 1990s : attempt to revive the resort by building the Pavilion leisure centre and improving the Valley Gardens and Promenade 2010s : most visitors are day-trippers from Hull, or retired people coming to caravan sites – who don’t spend much in town. Example / Case-Study : Withernsea – declining coastal resort on the E. Yorkshire coast Blackpool – rejuvenated coastal resort in NW England Possible Questions : Why do some places develop into tourist resorts? How do resorts develop over time? Why do some resorts go into decline and is there anything they can do to reverse the decline? The Butler Model of resort evolution Weblinks : BBC article on Blackpool as top resort http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10344837

How East Yorkshire Coast resorts are attempting to draw back visitors Global Tourism : Resort Development / Reversing the decline : Holderness 8 Economic links Receptionists, bar staff and cleaners are sacked – unemployment rises Key Terms : Butler Model Resort development Resort Stagnation Rejuvenation Hotels, bed & breakfasts and guest houses are partly empty Less revenue for shops, pubs, clubs – some close down Less tax revenue for the local council – less wealth to invest in improving resort Social links Consequences of Fewer visitors coming to the resort Population decline – local school has less pupils, doctors & bus services close down Example / Case-Study : Holderness coast Bridlington Hornsea Withernesea People choose to move away to other towns with more prospects Environmental links Less money to repaint public buildings, repair broken seats or clean graffiti off buildings Resort looks uncared for – and puts off any visitors from returning or recommending it. Possible Questions : What are the consequences of resort decline? What strategies can resorts use to try to reverse their decline? Bridlington : attracting wealthy tourists by building a 320 berth marina for cruise boats (economic) Weblinks : BBC article http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-humber-11048369 http://www.hornseafreeport.com/ Hornsea Freeport : shops under cover in attractive layout + kids activities for family day out (even if it’s raining) Withernsea : improving the environment with a new promenade & events like Summer Time Special in Valley Gardens

Blackpool’s Strategy for Rejuvenation Global Tourism : Resort Development / Reversing the decline : Blackpool 9 Thrills & Rides : The Pleasure Beach has dozens of exciting rides which rival those at Alton Towers. Attracts families all year round. Key Terms : Conference centre Event tourism (Hen & stag party) Day visitors Repeat visitors Rejuvenation Conferences : Using all the hotel accommodation to hold conferences in out-of-season cheaper rates. Example / Case-Study : Blackpool. Lancashire, NW England e.g. Labour Party conference in October Possible Questions : How have some resorts attempted to deal with the decline of traditional resorts? Evaluate the degree of success a resort you have studied has had in coping with falling tourist numbers. Hen & Stag Party Capital of Britain : Blackpool attracts groups of young adults throughout the year with specialist weekend packages for Hen & Stag parties Blackpool Illuminations : World Famous lights which start as the evenings draw in, in September – and extends the holiday season for another 2 months. Attracts families Evaluation : how successful has Blackpool been in Rejuvenating as a resort? Weblinks : BBC on Blackpool http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10344837 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8123208.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-11061823 X The numbers going to Blackpool for their main summer holiday continue to fall X More Britons are going abroad than staying in the UK X Whilst Blackpool is ‘popular’ – it’s often for one-off day visits like going to the Illuminations - & not repeat visitors X Some of the visitors (Hen & Stag parties) put off other visitors (families with kids) by their drunken behaviour • Blackpool has been voted the UKs Top Coastal Resort • It is more successful than other resorts in getting visitors • Many people visit Blackpool outside the usual summer months – going in Autumn and even Winter to the rides. • It manages to get visitors who aren’t tourists – for Conferences, often in winter months when it would be quiet.

Global Tourism : Resort Development / Spain – Benidorm Growth 10 Forested slopes  a nice cool walk or picnic away from the beach Key Terms : Physical attractions Human attractions Package holiday Transport infrastructure Mass tourism Hotel on the slope  only 2 minutes from the beach Clear blue skies  long hours of reliable sunshine Clear clean sea  pleasant to swim in. Jetty has been built  can dive off it, or go on glass-bottom boat trips Trees by the beach  give cool shade at midday for families Sun shades are provided  stops you getting sunburnt Example / Case-Study : Benidorm – Costa Blanca, Spain Sun-loungers  means you can stay off hot sand Stages in the growth of Benidorm – Costa Blanca, Spain Physical& Human attractions of the Mediterranean coast Possible Questions : Annotate a photograph to show the Physical and Human factors which have attracted tourists to this resort What were the main factors leading to the growth of a resort you have studied? 1950s :The mayor looks for a way to revive the declining fishing port of Benidorm as fish stocks decline. He persuades the President to allow foreign tourists to wear the new fashion of ‘bikinis’ on the beach – the only one in Spain to allow this. The resort becomes popular with US film stars and rich Europeans 1960s : New hotels, bars, restaurants are built to make money from the growing number of rich tourists arriving on new Package Holidays Weblinks : Read about how the bikini helped Benidorm grow to the top Mediterranean resort : http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/2031726.stm http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/apr/02/spain 1970s : Transport infrastructure is improved – new roads and the nearby airport at Alicante brings in larger numbers of middle income tourists to Benidorm to enjoy the guaranteed hot sunny summers, warm blue Mediterranean Sea & Spanish culture. 1980s: Mass Tourism arrives as large numbers of hotels are built, lots of cheap fast-food outlets and pubs and clubs selling cheap beer & wine. Competition between hotels and bars forces down prices – bringing the resort to many lower income people. Tourism reaches a peak at 12m visitors a year.

Global Tourism : Resort Development / The Multiplier Model 11 The Multiplier Effect shows how once a resort has started to develop – it continues growing under its own energy – but may set the seeds for its own stagnation and decline later on. Key Terms : Butler Model Resort development Infrastructure Tax revenue New resort is ‘discovered’ by rich tourists Resort is very well known now, easy to get to, with cheap prices due to all the competition – so attracts Massive numbers of tourists Locals build restaurants, bars and hotels to get income from rich tourists Resort gets even bigger – so more roads, railways & services are built using bigger tax income Roads, rail, airports, electricity, water supply – all improved to attract more tourists (Infrastructure) using taxes from local businesses Example / Case-Study : Benidorm – Costa Blanca, Spain More locals move to the resort to work in construction or for tourism jobs More tourists arrive More hotels are built Possible Questions : For a resort you have studied what were the Economic and Social factors which led to its growth? Why do many resorts start to lose their popularity after 20 years or so of being a top resort? The Multiplier Effect can be seen in Benidorm’s growth – and made it the biggest Spanish resort by the 1980s – which many other resorts copied. But the end result is a very different resort – and causes tourists to choose not to go there any more as it has lost the things that first attracted them – the nice scenery, quiet relaxing feel, local culture, and sense of being ‘abroad’. So the resort may decline. Weblinks : http://www.thebenidormmap.com/benidorm_spain.html http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article7031371.ece http://geographyfieldwork.com/TouristMultiplier.htm

Global Tourism : Resort Development / Benidorm benefits of tourism 12 The benefits of tourism can be classified in various ways – Economic,Social and Environmental benefits, but also at different SCALES – Local, Regional and National. Key Terms : Economic benefits Social benefits Environmental Benefits Local scale benefits Regional scale benefits National scale benefits Many jobs in tourism which pay better than traditional farming or fishing – hotel receptionist, electricians & builders (EC) Local Benefits for Benidorm town Tax revenue from tourism can be spent improving the streets, buildings and schools for local people (EC) Improved water supplies, electricity supply, sewage systems and internet connections for the tourist industry can be used to benefit local people (SOC) Example / Case-Study : Benidorm – Costa Blanca, Spain The town will be kept tidy, streets swept, beaches cleaned regularly, and pollution kept out of the sea so that the resort is attractive for tourists (ENV) Possible Questions : How would you classify the benefits tourism can bring to a country? Why do countries seek to increase the amount of tourists they receive? Farms and fishermen in the region can sell their produce to the tourist hotels and restaurants for a good price (EC) Benefits for the Region around Benidorm Companies supplying bricks, timber, concrete and steel for the building boom in hotels will get more orders (EC) Transport in the region is improved – wider roads from the new airport and new railway stations – which benefits locals (SOC) Weblinks : BBC video clip on clubbing in Ibiza - effects http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/the-effect-of-clubbing-on-tourism-in-ibiza/1427.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/benefits-of-clubbing-tourism-to-the-economy-of-ibiza/1429.html Benefits for the whole of Spain Spain is viewed in a positive way by millions of international visitors – who may return to other resorts (SOC) Income from tourism is a major ‘earner’ for Spain, making up 12% of all Spain’s annual income, and employing 12% of all workers (EC) Companies across Spain that make items for the tourist industry get more orders – bathroom fittings for hotel rooms, tables & chairs for cafes, sound equipment for discos….etc (EC)

Global Tourism : Resort Development / Benidorm problems of tourism 13 Tourism can bring huge problems – which can be classified as Economic, Social, Environmental… local, regional, national or international. and Short-term or Long-term. Decide which of these are easy to deal with – and which are more difficult to solve : Key Terms : Seasonal unemployment Visual pollution Noise pollution Rural depopulation Carbon emissions Tourism recession Example / Case-Study : Benidorm – Costa Blanca, Spain Possible Questions : How would you classify the problems tourism can bring to a country? Do tourists bring more problems than benefits – or the other way around? Weblinks : BBC video clip on tourism problems in Ibiza – http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/the-impact-of-mass-tourism-in-spain/1569.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/effects-of-clubbing-tourism-in-ibiza/1428.html

Global Tourism : Resort Development / Spanish Tourism Rejuvenation plans 14 Key Terms : Activity holidays Out of season holidays Cultural holidays Rejuvenation Example / Case-Study : Malaga, Spain – Tennis & Golf resort • Spain is trying to rejuvenate its tourism by moving away from Mass Tourism at the coast and trying to encourage: • fewer but more wealthy tourists • Encourage tourism throughout the year – Spring Autumn & Winter as well as summer • Encouraging more active tourism – golf, tennis, riding holidays. People pay more for these – and they don’t depend on hot sunny weather • Dispersing tourists into the interior of Spain – not just the coasts Possible Questions : How has a resort you have studied tried to stop its decline as a popular tourist destination? Is it inevitable that tourist resorts become less popular over time? Weblinks : http://www.lamangaclub.com/Love-Sport.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2008/aug/03/spain.travelnews http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/apr/02/benidorm-spain-holiday-new-alicante

Global Tourism : Tourism Environmental Impact / Spanish Water Issues 15 Spain is facing serious water shortages which is being made worse by the needs of the tourist industry. There is a big question of who should have the main claim to Spain’s declining water – the farming sector or the tourism sector Key Terms : Irrigation Water shortage High-value salad crops Horticulture / polytunnels Tourism Claims for Water Farmers’ Claims for Water Example / Case-Study : Malaga, Spain – Tennis & Golf resort • Tourists expect to be able to shower, use swimming pools & flumes and not face water shortages when they come on holiday – or they’ll go elsewhere • Tourism is the biggest growth sector of Spain’s economy – rather than farming so should get first use of the water • Tourism is going to be a big earner in the future for Spain – but farming is traditional and old • Farmers should concentrate on crops which need less water – like olives for olive oil & grapes for wine • Growers need irrigation water for high-value crops of tomatoes, lettuce, celery and peppers which can be sold to N. Europe for high prices during the winter & spring • The farms are often in the interior of Spain – providing jobs in areas outside the coastal tourist areas • Farming uses water very efficiently in polytunnels and greenhouses to reduce evaporation but the tourism industry wastes water • Tourists are choosing to go to other resorts outside Spain – so Spain will need the farming industry for its income in the future. Possible Questions : What are some of the negative effects of tourism on the environment? How can tourism bring problems as well as benefits to an area? Why Spain is facing a water shortage Weblinks BBC video clip on water shortages in Spain http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/water-shortages-the-ebro-river-dam/1570.html Climate Change : less rain is falling on Spain as the Sahara desert expands northwards over it Increased use for Farming : more farms are growing high-value salad crops which need a lot of irrigation water to produce good crops Increased use for Tourism : more hotels, more swimming pools, more water features like fountains etc. Spain's 2020 tourism strategy wants more wealthy tourists playing golf – so irrigating golf courses uses lots of water

Global Tourism : Tourism Environmental Impact / Spanish Water Solutions 16 Key Terms : Underground aquifer Boreholes Water transfer scheme Reservoirs De-salination plant Sustainable solution Example / Case-Study : Malaga, Spain – Tennis & Golf resort – water shortage Possible Questions : How can the negative effects of tourism be managed? What do you understand by ‘sustainable tourism’? Weblinks http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/912127.stm http://economatters.wordpress.com/2008/05/04/water-scarcity-in-spain-barcelona-is-drying-up/ The solution Spain chooses should allow for SUSTAINABLE uses of limited water – and sustainable economic growth into the future. Water shortages could reduce Spain’s economic progress – either by reducing the amount of high-value food crops it is able to export, or by reducing the number tourists it attracts compared with other countries with better water supplies.

Geography GCSE : Global Tourism Unit