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1. How to Use This Presentation • To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” • To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. • From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. • From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. • You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.

2. Resources Bellringers Chapter Presentation Transparencies Standardized Test Prep Visual Concepts Image and Math Focus Bank

3. Chapter F1 Minerals of the Earth’s Crust Table of Contents Section 1What Is a Mineral? Section 2Identifying Minerals Section 3The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals

4. Section 1What Is a Mineral? Chapter F1 Bellringer Compare the piece of pencil lead and the diamond in the photograph provided by your teacher. Both substances are composed of carbon. How can the same element form two substances with such different properties? Record your response in yourscience journal.

5. Section1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter F1 Objectives • Describe the structure of minerals. • Describethe two major groups of minerals.

6. Section1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter F1 Mineral Structure • Amineralis a naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure. • You can tell whether an object is a mineral by asking four questions.

7. Section1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter F1 Mineral Structure, continued • Is it a nonliving material? • Is it a solid? • Does it have a crystalline structure? • Is it formed in nature?

8. Section1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter F1 Mineral Structure, continued • To understand what a crystalline structure is, you need to know a little about the elements that make up a mineral. • Elements are pure substances that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

9. Section1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter F1 Elements Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

10. Section1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter F1 Mineral Structure, continued • Atoms and CompoundsMinerals may be either elements or compounds. • A compoundis a substance made of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds.

11. Section1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter F1 Compounds Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

12. Section1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter F1 Mineral Structure, continued • A mineral that is composed of only one element is called a native element. • Gold and silver are examples of native elements.

13. Section1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter F1 Mineral Structure, continued • Solid, geometric forms of minerals produced by a repeating pattern of atoms that is present through-out the mineral are called crystals. • A crystal’s shape is determined by the arrangement of the atoms within the crystal. • The arrangement of atoms in turn is determined by the kinds of atoms that make up the mineral.

14. Section1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter F1 Two Groups of Minerals • Minerals are divided into two groups based on their chemical composition. • Silicate minerals are minerals that contain a combination of silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals. • Examples of silicate minerals are quartz, feldspar, and mica.

15. Section1 What Is a Mineral? Chapter F1 Two Groups of Minerals, continued • Nonsilicate minerals are minerals that do not contain compounds of silicon and oxygen. There are six main classes of nonsilicate minerals. • Native Elements • Carbonates • Halides • Oxides • Sulfates • Sulfides

16. Section 2Identifying Minerals Chapter F1 Bellringer Look at the mineral samples provided by your teacher. List as many phrases as you can to describe each sample. Organize these phrases into categories to determine whether or not each sample is a different mineral. Record your response in yourscience journal.

17. Section2 Identifying Minerals Chapter F1 Objectives • Identify seven ways to determine the identity of minerals. • Explainspecial properties of minerals.

18. Section2 Identifying Minerals Chapter F1 Identifying Minerals • You can determine the identity of a mineral by noting different properties. • Color Minerals display a wide variety of colors, and often the same mineral can be found in many different colors. • Because of this, color is usually not the best way to identify a mineral.

19. Section2 Identifying Minerals Chapter F1 Identifying Minerals, continued • The way a mineral reflects light is called luster. There are three types of mineral luster: • Metallic • Submetallic • Nonmetallic

20. Section2 Identifying Minerals Chapter F1 Identifying Minerals, continued • The color of a mineral in powdered form is called the mineral’s streak. • A mineral’s streak can be found by running the mineral against a piece of unglazed porcelain called a streak plate. • The color of a mineral’s streak is not always the same as the color of the mineral sample.

21. Section2 Identifying Minerals Chapter F1 Mineral Color, Luster, and Streak Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

22. Section2 Identifying Minerals Chapter F1 Cleavage and Fracture • Different types of minerals break in different ways. • Cleavageis the tendency of some minerals to break along smooth, flat surfaces. • Fractureis the tendency of some minerals to break unevenly along curved or irregular surfaces.

23. Section2 Identifying Minerals Chapter F1 Hardness • A mineral’s resistance to being scratched is called hardness. • To determine the hardness of minerals, scientists use Mohs hardness scale, shown on the next slide.

24. Section2 Identifying Minerals Chapter F1

25. Section2 Identifying Minerals Chapter F1 Density • Density is the measure of how much matter is in a given amount of space. Density is a ratio of an object’s mass to its volume. • Different minerals have different densities.

26. Section2 Identifying Minerals Chapter F1 Special Properties • Some properties are particular to only a few types of minerals. • The properties shown on the next slidecan help you quickly identify some minerals.

27. Section2 Identifying Minerals Chapter F1

28. Section 3The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals Chapter F1 Bellringer Look at a mineral resource map of your state and locate the mines closest to where you live. Which mineral commodities are mined there? Write your response in yourscience journal.

29. Section 3The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals Chapter F1 Objectives • Describe the environments in which minerals forms. • Comparethe two types of mining. • Describetwo ways to reduce the effects of mining. • Describedifferent uses for metallic and nonmetallic minerals.

30. Section 3The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals Chapter F1 Formation of Minerals • Minerals form in a variety of environments in the Earth’s crust. Each environment has a different set of physical and chemical conditions that determine the minerals’ properties. • Evaporating Salt WaterWhen a body of salt water dries up, minerals such as gypsum and halite are left behind.

31. Section 3The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals Chapter F1 Formation of Minerals, continued • Metamorphic RocksWhen changes in pressure, temperature, or chemical makeup alter a rock, metamorphism takes place. • Minerals that form in metamorphic rock include calcite, garnet, graphite, hematite, magnetite, mica, and talc.

32. Section 3The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals Chapter F1 Formation of Minerals, continued • LimestonesSurface water and groundwater carry dissolved materials into lakes and seas, where they crystallized on the bottom. • Minerals that form in this environment include calcite and dolomite.

33. Section 3The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals Chapter F1 Formation of Minerals, continued • Hot-Water SolutionsGroundwater works its way downward and is heated by magma, and then reacts with minerals to form a hot liquid solution. • Dissolved metals and other elements crystallize out of the hot fluid to form new minerals, such as gold, copper, sulfur, pyrite, and galena.

34. Section 3The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals Chapter F1 Formation of Minerals, continued • PegmatitesAs magma rises upward from the Earth’s crust, it can form teardrop-shaped bodies called pegmatites. • Many gemstones such as topaz and tourmaline, form in pegmatites.

35. Section 3The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals Chapter F1 Formation of Minerals, continued • PlutonsAs magma rises upward through the crust, it sometimes stops moving before it reaches the surface and cools slowly, forming millions of mineral crystals. • Eventually, the entire magma body solidifies, forming minerals such as mica, feldspar, magnetite, and quartz.

36. Section 3The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals Chapter F1 Mining • Many kinds of rocks and minerals must be mined to extract the valuable elements they contain. • Geologists use the term ore to describe a mineral deposit large enough and pure enough to be mined for profit. • Rocks and minerals are removed from the ground by one of two methods.

37. Section 3The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals Chapter F1 Mining, continued • Surface MiningWhen mineral deposits are located at or near the surface of the Earth, surface-mining methods are used to remove the minerals. • Types of surface mines include open pits, surface coal mines, and quarries.

38. Section 3The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals Chapter F1 Mining, continued • Subsurface Mining methods are used when mineral deposits are located too deep within the Earth to be surface mined. • Subsurface mining often requires that passageways be dug into the Earth to reach the ore.

39. Section 3The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals Chapter F1 Responsible Mining • Mining gives us the minerals we need, but it may also create problems. • Mining can destroy or disturb the habitats of plants and animals. • Waste products from a mine may get into water sources, which pollutes surface water and ground water.

40. Section 3The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals Chapter F1 Responsible Mining, continued • One way to reduce the potential harmful effects of mining is to return the land to its original state after the mining is completed. • Reclamationis the process by which land used for mining is returned to its original state. • Reducing our need for minerals by recycling is another way to reduce the effects of mining.

41. Section 3The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals Chapter F1 The Use of Minerals • Metallic Minerals are good conductors of heat and electricity. They can be processed for various uses, including building aircraft, automobiles, and communications and electronic equipment. • Examples of useful metallic minerals include gold, silver, and copper.

42. Section 3The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals Chapter F1 The Use of Minerals, continued • Nonmetallic Minerals are good insulators of electricity. They have uses that range from glass-making to producing computer chips. • Calcite, one nonmetallic mineral, is a major component of concrete, which is used in building roads, buildings, bridges and other structures.

43. Section 3The Formation, Mining, and Use of Minerals Chapter F1 The Use of Minerals, continued • Gemstones are highly valued for their beauty and rarity, than for their usefulness. • Important gemstones include diamond, sapphire, ruby, emerald, aquamarine, topaz, and tourmaline.

44. Minerals of the Earth’s Crust Chapter F1 Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.

45. Minerals of the Earth’s Crust Chapter F1

46. Minerals of the Earth’s Crust Chapter F1

47. End of Chapter F1 Show

48. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter F1 Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.

49. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter F1 Passage 1In North America, copper was mined at least 6,700 years ago by the ancestors of the Native Americans who live on Michigan’s upper peninsula. Much of this mining took place on Isle Royale, an island in Lake Superior. These ancient people removed copper from the rock by using stone hammers and wedges. The rock was sometimes heated first to make breaking it up easier. Continued on the next slide

50. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter F1 Passage 1,continuedCopper that was mined was used to make jewelry, tools, weapons, fish hooks, and other objects. These objects were often marked with designs. The Lake Superior copper was traded over long distances along ancient trade routes. Copper objects have been found in Ohio, Florida, the Southwest, and the Northwest.