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A+ Guide to Software, 4e

A+ Guide to Software, 4e. Chapter 6 Windows 9x/Me Commands and Startup Disk. Objectives. Learn what happens when you first turn on your PC and DOS and Windows 9x/Me start Learn about the commands DOS and Windows 9x/Me use to manage memory

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A+ Guide to Software, 4e

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  1. A+ Guide to Software, 4e Chapter 6 Windows 9x/Me Commands and Startup Disk

  2. Objectives • Learn what happens when you first turn on your PC and DOS and Windows 9x/Me start • Learn about the commands DOS and Windows 9x/Me use to manage memory • Learn to use different commands at the command prompt • Learn how to use a Windows 9x/Me startup disk to prepare a hard drive for first use and to troubleshoot a failed boot A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  3. Introduction • Reasons for learning DOS commands: • To better understand how a hardware device works • To better understand OS - hardware interaction • Topics to cover • DOS boot process • Windows 9x/Me boot process • Note: Windows 9x/Me has a DOS core • How DOS and Windows 9x/Me manage memory • How to use the command line • How to use the Windows 9x/Me startup disk A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  4. Understanding DOS and Windows 9x/Me Startup • Windows 9x/Me is built on a DOS core • Two ways to load the MS-DOS core • From the Windows 9x/Me hard drive • From a Windows 9x/Me startup disk A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  5. Figure 6-1 Steps to load the MS-DOS core A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  6. OS Boot Record Program Locates and Executes Io.sys • Io.sys: file that contains I/O software for real mode • Initial phases of the boot process • System is turned on and runs through POST • Startup BIOS checks CMOS RAM for location of OS • Program in boot record is found (hard drive or disk) • Boot record program locates Io.sys file (boot loader) • Io.sys is loaded into memory • Control passes to Io.sys A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  7. Msdos.sys is Checked • Msdos.sys: text file affecting the way OS boots • Io.sys requires that the Msdos.sys file be present • Io.sys reads Msdos.sys and uses the settings in it A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  8. Config.sys is checked • Io.sys also reads the Config.sys file • Some important information in Config.sys • How many files it can open at any one time • How many file buffers to create • What 16-bit (real mode) device drivers to load • Protected (32-bit) mode drivers load from the registry • RAM drive • Primary memory that emulates a hard drive • Can be created by commands in Config.sys A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  9. Command.com is Executed • Io.sys looks for another OS file, Command.com • Command.com has three parts • More code to manage I/O • Programs for internal OS commands, such as Copy • Program that searches for the Autoexec.bat file A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  10. Autoexec.bat is Executed • Batch file: text file containing a series of commands • Autoexec.bat (automatically executed batch) file • Commands that execute automatically when OS loads • Example: PATH C:\;C:\Windows (Path command) • Two action can occur after Autoexec.bat executes • The command prompt appears • Program executed from Autoexe.bat prompts user • Example of a command prompt: C:\> (the C prompt) • To load Windows 9x/Me, enter C:\> WIN A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  11. Commands To Manage Memory • Appears complicated due to ad hoc development • Topics to cover: • How DOS memory address space is divided • Commands and utilities used to manage addresses A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  12. How DOS And Windows 9x/Me Divide Memory • Three ranges of memory addresses: • Conventional (base): 0 to 640 KB • Upper memory: 640 KB to 1024 KB • Extended memory: above 1024 KB • Memory mapping: assigning addresses to programs • Why conventional memory was limited to 640 KB • Utilities, such as Video ROM, use space above 640KB • Upper memory is used by BIOS and device drivers • Extended memory is managed as a device A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  13. Figure 6-2 Memory address map (not to scale) showing the starting and ending addresses of conventional, upper, and extended memory, including the high memory area A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  14. Windows 9x/Me and DOS Utilities That Manage Memory • Himem.sys: device driver for memory above 640KB • Emm386.exe: loads drivers into upper memory • Using Himem.sys • Himem.sys manages memory as a device • Executed by the Device= command in Config.sys • File can also be created on a floppy disk • Preparation for using Emm386.exe • View current memory allocation: Mem /C |More • Objective: maximize total amount of free memory A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  15. Figure 6-4 Config.sys set to use memory above 640K A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  16. Figure 6-5 MEM report with /C option on a PC not using upper memory A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  17. Windows 9x/Me and DOS Utilities That Manage Memory (continued) • Create and use upper memory blocks (Figure 6-6) • Line 1 loads the Himem.sys driver • Makes upper memory space available • Line 2 loads the Emm386.exe file • Emm386.exe assigns addresses in upper memory • NOEMS switch: prevents creation of expanded memory • Line 3 loads DOS high, creates upper memory block • Line 4 uses an upper memory block (UMB) • Line 5 loads mouse driver into the UMB (loading high) A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  18. Figure 6-6 Config.sys set to use upper memory A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  19. Windows 9x/Me and DOS Utilities That Manage Memory (continued) • Loading device drivers high • Use Devicehigh= command in Config.sys • Order commands so largest drivers are loaded first • MEM /M filename: displays memory needed by driver • A UMB may also be loaded from Autoexec.bat • Relation of Windows 9x/Me to DOS memory • System is mostly 32-bit OS using extended memory • Uses base and upper memory for 16-bit components A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  20. Using the Command Prompt • Topics to cover • How to access a command prompt • File and directory naming conventions • How to use wildcard characters in command lines • How to launch programs from the command prompt • Commands to manage files and directories • Utilities for managing an OS, applications, and data • How to create and use batch files A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  21. Accessing a Command Prompt • Click Start, Programs, and MS-DOS Prompt • Enter Command.com in the Run dialog box • Boot from any bootable floppy disk • Restart in MS-DOS mode from Shutdown • Not available in Windows Me • Hold down the Ctrl key or the F8 key while booting • Select Command prompt only from menu that appears A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  22. Figure 6-7 A Command Prompt window can be used to practice the commands given in this section A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  23. File and Directory Naming Conventions • Three components in the DOS 8.3 filename format • Filename: contains up to eight characters • Separating period • File extension of up to three characters • Example of a DOS filename: myFile.exe • Legitimate characters • Letters a through z • The numbers 0 through 9 • Special characters: _ ^ $ ~ ! # % & – { } ( ) @ ' ` • Do not use space, period, *, ?, \ in the filename A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  24. File and Directory Naming Conventions (continued) • Conventions used in Windows • Directory names/filenames can be up to 255 characters • Directory names and filenames can contain spaces • Maximum directory depth depends on length of name • DOS can only read names in 8.3 format • DOS truncates long filenames • Example: Mydocument.doc becomes Mydocum~.doc A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  25. Using Wildcard Characters in Command Lines • Wildcard character: used to represent file group • Question mark (?): wildcard for one character • Asterisk (*): wildcard for more than one character • Example: dir a*.??? • Command used to search for files • All files starting with ‘a’ and ending with any extension A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  26. Launching a Program Using the Command Prompt • How DOS treats group of letters entered at prompt • Attempts to locate a file signified by group of letters • Assumes file is located in current directory • If file is found, it is copied into RAM • Program is then executed • If path to file is not correct, file cannot be located • Example: entering A:\>mem generates error • How to resolve bad command or file name error • Change the drive; e.g., A:\> C: • Change the directory; e.g., C:\>CD\windows\command A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  27. Figure 6-8 Using the Mem command and finding a program file A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  28. Commands to Manage Files and Directories • Dir: lists files and directories • Example: DIR Myfile.txt • Rename or Ren: renames a file or folder • Example: Ren Myfile.txt Mybackup.txt • Type: displays contents of a text file on your screen • Example: Type Myfile.txt |More • Del or Erase: erases files or groups of files • Example: A:\Docs> Del *.* • Copy: copies a single file or group of files • Example: C:\>Copy C:\Docs\*.* A: A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  29. Table 6-2 Examples of the Dir command A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  30. Commands to Manage Files and Directories (continued) • Xcopy /C /S /Y /D: Copy functions plus options • Example: C:\>Xcopy C:\Docs\*.* A: /D:03/14/06 • Deltree [Drive:]Path: deletes directory tree • Example: C:\>Deltree C:\Docs • Mkdir [Drive:]Path or Md [Drive:]Path • Creates a subdirectory under a directory • Example: Mkdir C:\Game\Chess • Chdir [Drive:]Path or Cd [Drive:]Path or Cd.. • Changes current default directory • Example: Cd C:\Game\Chess A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  31. Figure 6-9 Results of the Dir command on the \GAME directory A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  32. Commands to Manage Files and Directories (continued) • Rmdir[Drive:]Path or Rd[Drive:]Path • Removes a subdirectory • Example: C:\>Rmdir C:\Game\Chess • Three conditions for the use of Rmdir • The directory must contain no files • The directory must contain no subdirectories • The directory must not be the current directory • Attrib: displays or changes file attributes • Example: Attrib +H MyFile.txt A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  33. Commands to Manage Files and Directories (continued) • Extract Filename.Cab File1.Ext /D • Extracts files from a cabinet file • Example: Extract Ebd.cab /D • Edit [Path][Filename]: opens DOS Edit program • Example: Edit A:\Autoexec.bat A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  34. Figure 6-10 Using the Edit editor to make changes to Autoexec.bat A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  35. Commands to Manage Hard Drives • Chkdsk [Drive:] /F /R: fixes file system errors • Example: Chkdsk C: /F • Scandisk Drive: A/P • Scans a hard drive for errors • Repairs errors if possible • Example: Scandisk C: • Defrag Drive: /S • Examines a hard drive or disk for fragmented files • Rewrites these files to the drive in contiguous clusters • Example: Defrag C: /S:N A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  36. Commands to Manage Hard Drives (continued) • Fdisk /Status /MBR: prepare a hard drive for first use • Example: Fdisk /MBR • Format Drive: /S /V: VolumeName /Q /U /Autotest • Used to format a disk or a hard drive • Unformat: reverses effect of an accidental format • Example: Unformat C: • Debug • Text editor with multiple capabilities • Accessed by entering Debug command A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  37. Table 6-5 Parameters for the Format command A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  38. Commands to Manage the Operating System • Sys Drive: copies system files for booting to disk • Example: Sys: C • Scanreg/Restore/Fix/Backup: restores the registry • Example: Scanreg/Backup • Ver: displays the version of the OS in use • MSD: Microsoft Diagnostic Utility A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  39. Figure 6-11 MSD opening screen A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  40. Using Batch Files • Execute a list of commands multiple times • Save time and reduce errors • How to create a batch file • Open a file in a text editor • Place commands in the file • Save the file with a .bat extension • Executing batch file • Enter name at command prompt • Extension may be omitted A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  41. Using the Windows 9x/Me Startup Disk • Bootable (system) disk • Floppy disk with basic software for booting an OS • Rescue disk( emergency startup disk (ESD), or startup disk) • Bootable disk with utility programs for troubleshooting • PC technician should always have a rescue disk A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  42. Creating a Windows 9x/Me Startup Disk • Open the Control Panel • Double-click the Add/Remove Programs icon • Click Startup Disk tab and then click Create Disk • Insert the Windows CD if it is requested • Windows then creates the startup disk • Write protect and label the disk A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  43. Figure 6-12 Windows might use the Windows CD to create a startup disk A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  44. Using a Startup Disk to Partition and Format a New Drive • Use Fdisk to partition a drive • Boot from the startup disk and enter Fdisk at prompt • Select option 1 to create a partition • Use option 1 (next menu) to create primary partition • Use option 1 or 2 to create other partitions • Use option 3 to create logical drives • Select if large disk support will be used (FAT32) • Exit Fdisk and reboot PC to format logical drives • Objects created by formatting process • Partition table, partitions, and logical drives A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  45. Figure 6-14 Fdisk menu to create partitions and logical drives A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  46. Using a Startup Disk to Partition and Format a New Drive (continued) • Format each logical drive: • Format C:/S (switch makes drive bootable) • Format D: • Format E: • Use Scandisk to check the drive for bad sectors A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  47. Using a Startup Disk to Troubleshoot a Failed Boot • Error message during boot process: • BIOS cannot access hard drive or find an OS to load • Table 6-6 lists variations of the boot error message • Troubleshooting problem (if isolated to the hard drive) • Boot the PC from Windows 9x/Me startup disk • Verify boot sequence in CMOS setup (drive A then C) • Select Start Computer With CD-ROM Support option • Display directory to check partition table and file system • Try restoring OS boot record and OS hidden files • If partition table is corrupted, type Fdisk/MBR A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  48. Table 6-6 Error messages that appear after the PC has passed POST and before an OS has successfully loaded A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  49. Summary • Windows 9x/Me is built on a DOS core • Critical boot files: Io.sys, Msdos.sys, Config.sys. Command.com, Autoexec.bat • Original DOS memory was limited to 640 KB • Layers of DOS memory: conventional, upper, extended • Himem.sys and Emm386.exe: used by DOS and Windows 9x/Me to manage memory above 640KB A+ Guide to Software, 4e

  50. Summary (continued) • 8.3 format: template for filenames in DOS • Some DOS commands: Dir, Copy, Md, Cd, Attrib, Edit • Batch file: holds a list of OS commands • Rescue disk: bootable disk with troubleshooting utilities • Prepare a hard drive using the Fdisk and Format commands A+ Guide to Software, 4e

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