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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Central Nervous System Pgs 242-248 Jovanny Arenas ▪ Ryan Collins ▪ Ama Hennessy. Regions of Brain. Brain Stem Cerebellum Diencephalons Cerebrum. Brain Stem. Diameter of a thumb and 3 inches long Structures are midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata Small grey matter areas

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 Central Nervous System Pgs 242-248 Jovanny Arenas ▪ Ryan Collins ▪ Ama Hennessy

  2. Regions of Brain • Brain Stem • Cerebellum • Diencephalons • Cerebrum

  3. Brain Stem • Diameter of a thumb and 3 inches long • Structures are midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata • Small grey matter areas • Controls behavior necessary for survival

  4. Brain Stem Midbrain: • Relatively small part of the brain stem • The cerebral aqueduct is a tiny canal that travels through the midbrain and connects the 3rd ventricle of the diencephalon to the 4th ventricle below • Two bulging fiber tracts: cerebral peduncles • Bulging nuclei are involved with vision and hearing.

  5. Brain Stem ACTIVITY: Now, close your eyes and do not talk. Try to ask you partner “What is the time?” Can’t do it? You don’t have a midbrain!

  6. Brain Stem Pons: • Rounded structure that protrudes just below the midbrain • Mostly fiber tracts • Control breathing

  7. Brain Stem ACTIVITY Hold your breath…can you breathe? No. You have no pons.

  8. Brain Stem Medulla Oblongata: • Most inferior part of the brain stem • Important fiber tract area. • Contains centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing and vomiting.

  9. Brain Stem ACTIVITY Feel you heart beat! Now swallow! You can do both these things becasue of the Medulla Oblongata.

  10. Brain Stem Reticular formation: • Diffuse mass of gray matter • Involved in motor control of the visceral organs • Reticular activating system plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles • Damage to this area can result in permanent unconsciousness (coma)

  11. Brain Stem ACTIVITY Think about how your body falls asleep on its own and when you wake up. How do you know the difference between awake and asleep? The answer is…the reticular formation!

  12. Cerebellum Structure • Large and cauliflower like • Projects dorsally from under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. • Has two hemispheres and a convoluted surface. • Has outer layer cortex made of gray matter and an inner region of white matter.

  13. Cerebellum Function • Provides a precise timing for skeletal muscle activity. • Controls balance and equilibrium. • Causes movements to be smooth and coordinated. • Can be impaired by alcohol. • When needed, it sends messages to control the appropriate corrective measures.

  14. Cerebellum ACTIVITY • Stand up. • Pick one foot up and try to maintain your balance. • Now wobble your partner. The reason you don’t fall is because of the function of the cerebellum Now watch Ryan demonstrate.

  15. Diencephalons Thalamus • Encloses third ventricle of the brain. • Where sensory impulses pass upwards into sensory cortex. • It causes the recognition of whether or not a sensation we are about to have is pleasant or unpleasant. • Neurons of the sensory cortex localize and interpret the sensation.

  16. Diencephalons ACTIVITY Pretend to punch your partner in the face. You might have closed your eyes or flinched away. This is because of the thalamus. Now give your partner a piece of chocolate. Now TASTE IT. Is this a good sensation?

  17. Diencephalons Hypothalamus • Makes up the floor of the diencephalon. • Plays a role in the regulation of body temperature, water balance, and metabolism. • Also the center for many drives and emotions. • Regulates pituitary gland and produces two of its own hormones. • The mammillary bodies are involved in smelling.

  18. Diencephalons ACTIVITY Imagine you just won the lottery, you’re finally rich. HAPPY Now you’ve been robbed. All the money has been stolen, and you are poor again. SAD

  19. Diencephalons Epithalamus • Forms roof of third ventricle • Made of pineal body and the choroid plexus. • The choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle form the cerebrospinal fluid.

  20. Cerebrum • Paired cerebral hemispheres. • Most superior part of the brain, and the largest of the brain regions. • Encloses and obscures most of the brain stem. • Surface of cerebrum exhibits elevated ridges called gyri. • Grooves in between are called sulci/fissures.

  21. Cerebrum • Each hemisphere is divided into a number of lobes, named for the cranial bones that lie over them. • Each hemisphere has three basic regions - Cortex of gray matter - Internal white matter -Basal nuclei (Islands of gray matter inwhite matter)

  22. Brain Regions Review • 1) What are the 3 major parts of the brain stem? • 2) What is the function of the pons? • 3) What are the three basic regions of the cerebrum? • 4) What region of the brain controls your happy and sad emotions? • 5) What is the function of the cerebellum?

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