260 likes | 1.26k Views
OSI Model. IP address. Type of Address. MAC address IP address. MAC to IP Address Comparison. MAC address Identifies a NIC in a computer on a network Each MAC address is unique
E N D
OSI Model IP address
Type of Address • MAC address • IP address
MAC to IP Address Comparison • MAC address • Identifies a NIC in a computer on a network • Each MAC address is unique • A Network Interface Card (NIC) is the circuit board that has the networking logic implemented, and provides a plug for the cable into the computer (unless wireless). In most cases, this is an Ethernet card inserted in a slot of the computer’s motherboard • Network devices cannot using MAC way traffic addresses because they: • Are not grouped logically • Cannot be changed • Do not give information network configuration CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition
MAC to IP Address Comparison (continued) • IP addresses/ (internet protocol address) • is a numerical representation that uniquely identifies a specific interface on the network. • IP address identifies both a network and a host CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition
OSI Model Versions of IP address • IPv4 • IPv6
OSI Model IPv4
Types of IPv4 address • Static address • Dynamic address
Types of IP address • Static IP address • manually input by network administrator • manageable for small networks • requires careful checks to avoid duplication
Types of IP address • Dynamic IP address • Used protocol DHCP • assigned by server when host boots • derived automatically from a range of addresses • Is a temporary address used by the client and then returned back to the server
IP Addressing • An IP address has 32 bits divided into four octets • To make the address easier to read, people use decimal numbers to represent the binary digits • Example: 192.168.1.1 • Dotted decimal notation • When binary IP addresses are written in decimal format CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition
Example 5.1 Change the following IPv4 addresses from binary notation to dotted-decimal notation. a. 10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111 b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111 c. 11100111 11011011 10001011 01101111 d. 11111001 10011011 11111011 00001111 Solution We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent decimal number (see Appendix B) and add dots for separation: a. 129.11.11.239 b. 193.131.27.255 c. 231.219.139.111 d. 249.155.251.15 TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Example 5.2 Change the following IPv4 addresses from dotted-decimal notation to binary notation. a. 111.56.45.78 b. 221.34.7.82 c. 241.8.56.12 d. 75.45.34.78 Solution We replace each decimal number with its binary equivalent: a. 01101111 00111000 00101101 01001110 b. 11011101 00100010 00000111 01010010 c. 11110001 00001000 00111000 00001100 d. 01001011 00101101 00100010 01001110 TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Example 5.3 Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4 addresses: a. 111.56.045.78 b. 221.34.7.8.20 c. 75.45.301.14 d. 11100010.23.14.67 Solution a. There should be no leading zeroes (045). b. We may not have more than 4 bytes in an IPv4 address. c. Each byte should be less than or equal to 255. d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal notation. TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Network Addressing • IP addresses identify both the network and the host • Subnet mask • Determines which part of an IP address is the network field and which part is the host field • Standard (default) subnet masks: • Class A subnet mask is 255.0.0.0 • Class B subnet mask is 255.255.0.0 • Class C subnet mask is 255.255.255.0 CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition
Subnetting • TCP/IP hosts use the combination of the IP address and the subnet mask • To determine if other addresses are local or remote • The binary AND operation is used to perform the calculation • Subnetting • Manipulation of the subnet mask to get more network numbers CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition
Subnet Mask • Follow these steps to determine the subnet mask: • 1. Express the subnetwork IP address in binary form. • 2. Replace the network and subnet portion of the address with all 1s. • 3. Replace the host portion of the address with all 0s. • 4. Convert the binary expression back to dotted-decimal notation.
Subnet Mask Subnet mask in decimal = 255.255.240.0
IPv4 versus IPv6 • IP version 6 (IPv6) has been defined and developed. • IPv6 uses 128 bits rather than the 32 bits currently used in IPv4. • IPv6 uses hexadecimal numbers to represent the 128 bits. IPv4
IPv4 versus IPv6 • IP version 4 (IPv4) • The version of IP currently installed on most systems today • IP version 6 (IPv6) • Originally designed to address the final running down of IPv4 addresses • IPv6 can be subnetted CCNA Guide to Cisco Networking Fundamentals, Fourth Edition