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John 11-12

John 11-12. Jesus Rejected by the World. Broad Outline of Fourth Gospel. Ch. 1 Introduction: Prologue and Witness of John Ch. 2-12 Jesus Before the World ("Book of Signs")

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John 11-12

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  1. John 11-12 Jesus Rejected by the World

  2. Broad Outline of Fourth Gospel Ch. 1 Introduction: Prologue and Witness of John Ch. 2-12 Jesus Before the World ("Book of Signs") Theme: Through signs and discourses, Jesus reveals himself as the Son of God, sent to save the world, but is rejected by the world. Ch. 2-4 Images of New Salvation Ch. 5-10 Growing hostility Ch. 11-12 Final rejection • Raising Lazarus (ch. 11): Climactic sign. • Withdrawal from public ministry (ch. 12). Ch. 13-20 Jesus Before the Disciples("Book of Passion/Glory") Ch. 21 Appendix: Appearance in Galilee

  3. John 11-12Jesus Rejected by the World Final rejection of Jesus is ironically set against background of the greatest sign. 11:1-57 Seventh Sign: the Raising of Lazarus • The death of Lazarus (v. 1-16). • Lazarus, Mary, and Martha • Lazarus (lit., “whom God helps”) • Described as “the one whom Jesus loves” (v. 3; cf. Beloved Disciple). • Is there connection to Parable of Rich Man and Lazarus (Lk. 16:19-31)? • Mary and Martha appear as sisters also in Lk. 10:38-42. • Only in John do they have a brother Lazarus. • In Jn. 12:3, Mary anoints Jesus’ feet; in Lk. 7:37-38, it is an unnamed prostitute.

  4. 11:1-57 Seventh Sign: Raising of Lazarus – cont. • The death of Lazarus (v. 1-16) – cont. • Emphasis is on the reality of Lazarus’ death. • After learning of Lazarus’ illness, Jesus delays return for two days. • By the time he arrives, Lazarus has been dead four days. • Jewish tradition: soul hovers near body for 3 days, then departs. • Establishes reality, finality of his death – Lazarus really is dead – not a premature burial. • Announcement that “Lazarus has fallen asleep” makes same point. • “Sleep” was common euphemism for death. • Disciples misunderstand – think Lazarus is literally sleeping. • Jesus spells it out for them – “Lazarus is dead” (v. 14). • Jesus’ return to raise Lazarus means his own death. • Disciples recognize the danger (v. 8, 16). • Story foreshadows death and resurrection of Jesus.

  5. 11:1-57 Seventh Sign: Raising of Lazarus – cont. • Jesus and Martha (v. 17-27). • Setting: Bethany, two miles from Jerusalem. • Lazarus in tomb 4 days; week of mourning in progress. • Martha leaves others in the house and goes out to meet Jesus alone. • Conversation revolves around “future” and “realized” eschatology. • Martha articulates the traditional “future eschatology” (v. 21-24). • Martha: “Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died.” • Jesus: “Your brother will rise again.” • Martha: “I know he will rise again in the resurrection on the last day” (v. 24). • Belief in final resurrection was held by many Jews (Pharisees) as well as early Christians (Paul). • Jesus assures her of “realized eschatology” (v. 25-27). • “I am the resurrection and the life” (v. 25). • Fifth “I am” with a predicate. • The final resurrection expected at the last day is already present in Jesus. • “Those who believe in me…will never die” (v. 25-26). • Eternal life is not only a future hope but a present reality. • Decisive is whether one believes in Jesus (v. 26-27). • Interprets the sign before it is done: depicts Jesus as source of resurrection and eternal life.

  6. 11:1-57 Seventh Sign: Raising of Lazarus – cont. 3. Jesus and Mary (v. 28-37). • Weep together and go to the tomb. • Jesus was “greatly disturbed in spirit and deeply moved” (v. 33). • embrimaomai (v. 33, 38) – to sternly warn; scold; be deeply moved – expresses intense emotion, indignation, or anger. • tarassō(v. 33) – to be agitated, stirred up, troubled. • What kind of emotion is Jesus experiencing? • Anger at the power of death or at the lack of faith. • Indignation at the weeping and wailing of the mourners. • Grief – for his friend, in sympathy with his friends, or over the human situation of sin and death.

  7. 11:1-57 Seventh Sign: Raising of Lazarus – cont. 4. Jesus and Lazarus (v. 38-44). • Four days in tomb – already decomposing; reality of death. • “If you believe you will see the glory of God.” (Faith first, then miracle.) • Miracle is simply told: • Jesus thanks God for having heard his prayer. • Summons Lazarus to come out. • Lazarus emerges still wearing the burial wrappings. • Significance: • Foreshadows Jesus’ resurrection – echoes of empty tomb. • Depicts Jesus as one who gives eternal life to all who believe in him. • Response of “the Jews” (v. 45-53). • Many saw the sign and believed. • Sanhedrin decides Jesus must be stopped to prevent Roman reprisal. • Caiaphas: “It is better to have one man die for the people than to have the whole nation destroyed” (v. 50). • Ironically, truer than Caiaphas realized: Jesus did “die for the people” (and Rome still came and destroyed the Temple and the nation). • Raising of Lazarus precipitates decision to execute Jesus. • Jesus’ withdrawal (v. 54-57). • Hiding out on the edge of the wilderness. • As Passover approaches, “the Jews” are wondering if Jesus will come to Jerusalem.

  8. 12:1-50 Conclusion of the Public Ministry • The anointing in Bethany (v. 1-8). • Mary anoints Jesus’ feet and wipes them with her hair. • Seems to be conflation of: • Mk. 14:3 – unnamed woman in Bethany anoints Jesus’ head. • Lk. 7:38 – unnamed harlot in Galilee wets his feet with tears, wipes with hair, and anoints his feet (cf. Lk. 10:38-42). • Anointing was associated with royalty and burial customs. • As in Mk., Jn. interprets with reference to Jesus’ death. • A plot against Lazarus (v. 9-11). • Raising of Lazarus was making Jesus popular. • Chief priests plan to kill him again (ironic humor?). • The triumphal entry into Jerusalem (v. 12-19). • Contrary to Synoptics, Jn. places after the anointing. • Jn.’s order allows Jesus to enter as a king already anointed – for his burial. • Only Jn. mentions palm branches – symbol of Jewish nationalism. • Zech. 9:9-10 promises reign of universal dominion and peace. • Disciples understood only after he was “glorified” (v. 16).

  9. 12:1-50 Conclusion of the Public Ministry – cont. • The request of the Greeks (v. 20-26). • Greek “God-fearers” request audience with Jesus. • Coming of Greeks signals that the end has come. • “The hour has come for the Son of Man to be glorified.” • Hour of glorification = time of his death. • Cross establishes time for all to come. • Saying about grain of wheat having to die to bear fruit (cf. 1 Cor. 15:36-37). • Saying about loving life and losing it (cf. Mk. 8:38).

  10. 12:1-50 Conclusion of the Public Ministry– cont. • Jesus’ commitment to die for the world (v. 27-36a). • Roughly corresponds to Gethsemane prayer in Synoptics. • Johannine Jesus does not agonize over his fate – does not pray, “Remove this cup from me” (Mk. 14:36), but “Glorify your name.” • Voice from heaven (“I have glorified it”) signals time of Jesus’ death is at hand. • Jesus’ death brings judgment and salvation. • “Now is the judgment of this world…ruler of this world will be driven out” (v. 31). • World of sin is judged by Jesus’ death. • Supports “Christus Victor” theory of atonement (victory over powers of evil). • “When I am lifted up, I will draw all people to myself” (v. 32). • Third of the “lifted up” sayings. • Supports “moral influence” theory of atonement (magnetic power of God’s love). • Whether Jesus’ death is judgment or salvation depends on the response of faith. • Time for deciding is limited. • “The light is with you a little longer…While you have the light, believe in the light, so that you may become children of light” (v. 35-36).

  11. 12:1-50 Conclusion of the Public Ministry– cont. 6. The world’s decision to reject Jesus (v. 37b-43). • Jesus withdraws from public ministry and “hides.” • In spite of the many signs, “the world” does not believe. • Lack of belief fulfills Isaiah 53:1 and 6:10 (cf. Mk. 4:11-12). • Deterministic: “they could not believe” because God “blinded their eyes and hardened their hearts” (v. 39-40). • Many of “the authorities” believed but would not confess (v. 42). • Afraid “the Pharisees” would put them out of synagogue. • “Secret believers.” • Final summary of the public ministry (v. 44-50). • Final speech of Jesus sums up key themes of public ministry. • Jesus’ mission has been to reveal the One who sent him. • He came as light not to judge but to save the world. • Whoever does not receive his words is judged by them. • Emphasis here is on freedom to accept or reject Jesus.

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