NHS Grampian development of MBT interventions for people with BPD

1. NHS Grampian development of MBT interventions for people with BPD Dr Linda Treliving, Consultant psychiatrist in psychotherapy, Head of GSPS, Chair of SPDN

3. Local context • NHS Grampian Psychological therapies steering group, • a multidisciplinary committee • which advises to the Clinical Management Board • has a strategic overview of the development of psychological therapies for NHS Grampian.

4. Local context GSPS service provision is focussed on Tier 3 and 4 complexity of patients. • Tier 3 is defined as patients with complex mental health problems, most likely long standing and recurrent, significantly impairing quality of life and daily functioning • Tier 4 patients have severe mental health problems with significant impairment of functioning

5. Mental Health in Scotland A Guide to delivering evidence-based Psychological Therapies in Scotland “The Matrix”

6. Borderline personality disorder

7. General approach and management 1. • establish and maintain the therapeutic alliance while managing risk • maintain flexibility • establish conditions to make the patient safe

8. General approach and management 2 • tolerate intense anger, aggression and hate • promote reflection • set necessary limits

9. General approach and management 3 • understand the dynamics and monitor relationships between service user and staff thereby reducing the potential for splitting • monitor countertransference feelings to understand the patients communication and difficulties • use a consistent approach.

10. The chaos and disorder that characterises the internal world of the individual with BPD can impact on attempts of the professionals and agencies involved to engage effectively.

11. Effective ingredients of treatment (Bateman and Tyrer) 1. to be well structured; 2. to devote considerable effort to enhancing compliance; 3. to have a clear focus, 4. to be theoretically highly coherent to both therapist and patient, 5. to be relatively long term; 6. to encourage a powerful attachment relationship between therapist and patient, 7. to be well integrated with other services available to the patient.

12. Grampian Specialist Psychotherapy Service • psycho dynamically based out patient service • offers assessment, consultation and treatment to patients in Grampian ( pop.540,000). • 2 centres providing this service are based in Aberdeen and Elgin. • offers multidisciplinary training and supervision at undergraduate and post graduate level

13. Process of referral to Psychotherapy Department, Aberdeen. Referral • Referrals are accepted from all Community mental health teams.(250 -300 per year) • Referrals are discussed at the weekly referral meeting • Decisions are made to either progress the referral, discuss with referrer or make further enquiries. Eligibility criteria • Aged 18 years upwards • Males and females

14. Referral accepted Patient sent an • SCL 90 * • Department questionnaire ( biographical details) • SAE. • On return of the questionnaire the patient is sent an assessment appointment.

15. Symptom Check List 90, (SCL 90) Derogatis et al 90-item self-report checklist measures psychological distress Symptom measures of : Somatization Obsessive-compulsive Interpersonal sensitivity Depression Anxiety Hostility Phobic anxiety Paranoid ideation Psychoticism

16. SCL 90 Global Indices Global severity index : (GSI) Number of symptoms reported combined with the intensity of perceived distress – best single indicator of current level of distress Positive symptom distress index: (PSDI) Average level for the symptoms that were endorsed – measure of symptom intensity Positive symptom total: (PST) Number of symptoms endorsed (regardless of level of distress) - a measure of symptom breadth

17. CSA Men Pre & Post Treatment SOM O-C IPS DEP ANX HOS PHANX PARID PSY GSI PSDI PST

18. Referral accepted Patient sent an • SCL 90 • Department questionnaire ( biographical details) • SAE. • On return of the questionnaire the patient is sent an assessment appointment.

19. Assessment • All clinical staff participate in the assessment process and attend a supervision group • Patients attending the department for first assessment are asked to complete a PDQ4 ( self report questionnaire for personality disorder) and a CTQ ( self report questionnaire on early trauma).

20. PDQ 4 • PDQ-4 is designed to assess 12 personality disorders. • http://www.pdq4.com

21. PDQ 4 • The total PDQ-4 score is an index of overall personality disturbance. • Controls generally score 20 or less. • Patients in therapy generally score between 20-30. • A total score of 30 or more indicates a substantial likelihood that the patient has significant personality disturbance

22. PDQ 4

23. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) • The CTQ screens for 5 types of maltreatment: • Emotional Abuse • Physical Abuse • Sexual Abuse • Emotional Neglect • Physical Neglect

24. Assessment • The assessor can refer into any component of the therapeutic programme where the patient is accepted without further assessment but offered an introductory appointment with therapist. • Assessment letters to referrers are structured under specific headings including psychodynamic formulation, risk assessment and management suggestions.

26. Standard 14: There is a record of a diagnosis or diagnoses Criterion 14 a The care record shows:• the diagnosis or diagnoses• information on how the diagnosis or diagnoses was reached following evidence based guidelines or established diagnostic criteria where available.• confirmation that the diagnosis or diagnoses has been explained to the service user and informal carer. • post-diagnosis support is offered.

28. The Therapeutic programme • Mentalization based therapy for Borderline personality disorder. b. Group therapy c. Individual Brief therapy Longer term therapy (1-2 years))

29. a. Mentalization based therapy for Borderline personality disorder • 1 day programme for 6 month therapy. • Intensive Outpatient programme.

30. Hub day • 10 patients start each 3 months, • 2 groups are always running at any one time. • retains the broadest principles of the therapeutic community. • whole day is considered a therapeutic intervention, including lunch and social time

32. Hub day timetable

33. Morning group

34. Psychoeducation • conducted by 2 clinical staff • covering aspects of mentalization principles crisis plans, managing self harm managing emotions

35. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV diagnosis II (SCID) • led by 2 clinical staff • conducted as a group • evaluating self and using others perspectives of self to consider DSM IV axis 2 criteria.

36. Psychodrama psychotherapy • conducted by trained and accredited psychodrama psychotherapist and co facilitated by other member of clinical team. • introduces patients to the important mentalising task of role reversal. • may be used as a medium to do some more focused therapeutic work. • forum for patients to consider what they might do once the Hub Day Programme ends.

37. Mentalization based therapy • group conducted by a Mentalization based therapist and co facilitated by other member of clinical team.

38. Staffing

39. MBT Intensive outpatient programme • Once weekly individual MBT sessions of 50 minutes • Once weekly group MBT sessions of 1 ½ hours. • Therapists for group and individual meet each week for supervision/discussion.

40. MBT Intensive outpatient programme • 8 patients • Slow open group • 18 months attendance time frame • expected to attend individual and group sessions

41. Mentalization based therapyfor BPD

42. Mentalizing: A new word for an ancient concept Implicitly and explicitly interpreting the actions of oneself and other as meaningful on the basis of intentional mental states (e.g., desires, needs, feelings, beliefs, & reasons)

43. MBT perspective BPD is conceived of as a disorder in the self structure brought about through environmentally induced distortion of psychological functioning, which decouples key mental process necessary for interpersonal and social function

44. The mediator between the genotype and the phenotype is the attachment process Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic (2003) , 67,3:pp187-211

45. Mentalization based therapy • Evidence based intervention for BPD • MBT is delivered by generic mental health professionals • MBT is a manualised treatment • Skills training delivered over 3 days • Continuing supervision by psychodynamically informed trainer.

46. Internalised persecutory sense of self ……when alone feels unsafe and vulnerable because of the proximity of a torturing and destructive representation from which he or she cannot escape because it is experienced from within the self.

47. The result? Patients with BPD react in desperate manner to changes in relationships with clinging, apparent aggression, cries of abandonment, refusal to separate and acts of self harm.

48. Suicide • Suicide attempts are often aimed at avoiding the possibility of abandonment: they seem to be a last-ditch attempt at reestablishing a relationship. • The child’s experience may have been that only something extreme would bring about changes in the adults behavior and that the caregiver used similar measures to influence the child’s behavior.

49. Lack of Mentalisation Stability is maintained through ; - mental isolation not knowing, - acts of aggression justified by perceived threat, - inaccurate representations of interpersonal interactions, - projective mechanisms that force mental states onto the other and thus prevent its genuine perception

50. Lack of Mentalisation …adults who act violently, impulsively, inconsistently and with emotional volatility show reduced mentalising capacities and are protecting an unstable sense of self.